Detoxifying enzymes protect the insides of cells from free radical damage. Depending on your overall health, minimizing free radical production may be as simple as lifestyle and diet choices. For example, antioxidants are one of the best defenders of free radicals and can easily be achieved through whole foods.

Most studies have not been able to link supplements to reduction of disease development. Studies have shown that whole fruits and vegetables may effectively help reduce your risk and symptoms related to a wide variety of chronic diseases linked to free radicals.

Since no single substance does the work of a collection of antioxidants, relying on antioxidant-rich whole foods that provide multiple nutritional benefits is key. Below are the best antioxidant-high foods to include your diet:.

We cannot actually fine tune the process of oxidative stress yet. And since free radicals can be produced through environmental and mental factors, there are some holistic health tips that can help with your stress levels.

While some external factors of free radical creation are unavoidable like pollution and stress , developing a routine that can help manage your exposure will help. Thankfully these tips are also beneficial for other aspects of your health!

The best first step to take? Start by including these 13 foods in your weekly grocery haul. Antioxidants are an important benefit of eating fruits and veggies.

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Hydroxymethylbutyrate HMB is a popular supplement for those seeking muscle gains and fast workout recovery. Food Meal Prep Diets Weight Supplements Conditions Fitness. Free Radicals!

One of the best defenses against free radical damage is consuming more antioxidants. Here are some the best antioxidant foods to eat:. While eating more antioxidant foods is a big step in the right direction, you also benefit from limiting intake of pesticide- and herbicide-laden foods those that are not organically grown and by avoiding too much sugar, refined oil or refined grains.

Use natural, cold-pressed oils like coconut or olive oil, since heat oxidizes fats in refined oils, and be sure to limit intake of antibiotic- and hormone-laden foods, such as farm-raised meat or fish. According to some experts, there are literally thousands of different antioxidants in the human diet, and they exist in many different forms.

Because of the complexities of how antioxidants work in the body to combat free radicals, some scientists believe that only in food form do phytonutrients or antioxidants interact beneficially with our bodies.

Getting antioxidants naturally from whole foods and an unprocessed diet with a wide variety of fruits and veggies is typically recommended rather than from supplements.

However, supplements can help with nutritional gaps, and if you purchase reputable, high-quality supplements, they can be beneficial. With the invention of anti-aging supplements , experts now worry that people may rely on supplements to counteract unhealthy lifestyle choices and poor nutrition.

Variety and interaction of many different antioxidants as they exist in food seems to be most beneficial for longevity and optimal health. Popular Posts All Time This Week {position} Detox Your Liver: A 6-Step Liver Cleanse. More Health Dr. Axe on Facebook Dr.

Axe on Twitter 70 Dr. Axe on Instagram Dr. Axe on Google Plus Dr. Axe on Youtube Dr. Axe on Pintrest Share on Email Print Article 6. This acid is most commonly found in cereals, vegetables and fruits. It acts as a potent antioxidant and scavenges free radicals and reactive species.

p-coumaric acid is a phenolic acid and is a hydroxyl derivative of cinnamic acid. It reduces the prefigure oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and decreases the risk of stomach cancer Kiliç and Yeşiloğlu, Stilbenes comprise two phenyl moieties which are connected by the methylene bridge of two carbon atoms.

Majorly these compounds act as an antifungal phytoalexin, the compound which is synthesized in response to injury. One of the widely known stilbenes is resveratrol, found majorly in grapes. Products of red wine and grapes contain a significant amount of resveratrol, respectively Rocha-González et al.

Lignans are the phenolic compounds and have 2,3-dibenzylbutane structures that is resulted from the dimerization of two cinnamic acid residues; lignans such as secoisolariciresinol are considered phytoestrogen.

The increasing interest in the beneficial effect of phenolic compounds has resulted in the development of such diets that are rich in vegetables and fruits and provide protection against cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The linseed act as a source which provides secoisolariciresinol up to 3.

Erythroxylum cuneatum , a tropical flowering plant of the Erythroxylaceae family utilized in Thailand and Malaysia as traditional medicine. The alkaloid extract of E. cuneatum leaf possesses both anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity suggesting its role in the development of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drugs Li S et al.

Two isoquinoline alkaloids kareemine 2 and iraqiine 1 , along with N-methylouregidione 7 , atherospermidine 6 , O-methylmoschatoline 5 , kinabaline 4 , and muniranine 3 were isolated from the dichloromethane extract of Alphonsea cylindrica bark.

Compounds 4, 3, and 1 possess higher DPPH scavenging activity Obaid Aldulaimi et al. The antioxidant activity of alkaloid boldine and Peumus boldus extract was reported against Fe II -citrate-induced damage in rat liver mitochondria in vitro Klimaczewski et al.

Stephania rotunda Lour. The antioxidant activity of fangchinoline and cepharanthine was reported from Stephania rotunda by in vitro assays Gülçin et al. The results determined an effective radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of fangchinoline and cepharanthine. Five new alkaloids 1—5 along with two new phenanthrene and three aporphine alkaloids, in total 10 6—15 compounds were isolated from the roots of Stephania tetandra.

Based on electronic circular dichroism, single crystal X-ray, and spectroscopic analysis, compound 13, and 7—10 exhibited great antioxidant activities Wang R et al. Terpenes play an important role in the metabolic processes of a broad range of microorganisms, plants, and animals in which they are formed Naturally, terpenoids can be utilized for different purposes including as key agents in metabolic processes, signaling, and defense Baccouri and Rajhi, These terpenes have had applications in medicine, cosmetics, and perfumery for thousands of years and are still procured from different plants for the above-mentioned uses.

The antioxidant activities of terpenes may explain their capacity to adjust the neural signal transmission, immunological effects, and inflammation.

They protect against oxidative stress situations including ageing, diabetes, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular disease, cancer, liver, and renal mechanisms Baccouri and Rajhi, Bourgou et al.

essential oils and also their ability in restricting the production of nitric oxides. The chemical characterization and antioxidant activity of essential oils isolated from Euphorbia heterophylla L. Elshamy et al.

Sesquiterpenes-rich essential oil isolated from the above parts of Pulicaria somalensis showed great antioxidant activity and allelopathic effect against weeds Assaeed et al.

In a study to determine the antitumor effects of terpenoids, it was found that paclitaxel, geraniol, and perillyl alcohol are the terpenoids with better anticancer activities Yang et al. The anti-inflammatory activity of paeoniflorin and its derivatives, 4-O-methylbenzoyl paeoniflorin, 4-O-methyl paeoniflorin, and other monoterpenes was reported Bi et al.

The results reported that most of these monoterpenes can inhibit the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNF-α , interleukins-6 IL-6 , and inflammatory factor nitric oxide NO induced by lipopolysaccharides LPs.

Other free radicals such as ROOH, and organic hydroperoxide are generated by the reaction of radicals with the cellular components such as nucleobases and lipids.

The RO, ROO. peroxyl, and alkoxy radicals are oxygen centered organic types of radicals. Lipids form take part in the peroxidation reaction of lipids. They are generated in the presence of oxygen by abstraction of hydrogen and addition of radicals to double bonds. Hypochlorous acid or HOCl are generated from hydrogen peroxide in the presence of myeloperoxidase.

They are highly reactive and readily oxidized protein constituents such as methionine, amino groups, and thiol groups. Peroxynitrite radical is generated in a reaction of superoxide with nitric oxide.

The protonation reaction results in the formation of peroxynitrous acid which undergo hemolytic cleavage to form nitrogen dioxide and hydroxyl radicals Lobo et al. Therefore, various methods have been applied to decrease the damage caused by oxidative stress.

Endogenous antioxidant enzymes which are generated inside the cells work as a protective mechanism against reactive free species. Heme oxygenase, reductase, thioredoxin, GST, GR, GPx, CAT and SOD are the most vital antioxidant enzymes.

Thus, there is a conversion of toxic species to the harmless product. Peroxides generated during the process of metabolism, get eliminated by GPx and GST.

So, GRd functions by raising the concentration of GSH, which is required for the maintenance of oxide-redox conditions in a living organism. The GPx is available throughout the cells whereas CAT is restricted to the peroxisome.

The brain is very sensitive towards the damage caused by free radicals so; it contains 7 times more concentration of GPx than the CAT.

The greatest level of CAT is found in erythrocytes, kidneys, and the liver, where it decomposes most of the hydrogen peroxide Aziz et al. The utilization and consumption of oxygen in physiological processes result in the production of ROS.

The production of energy in mitochondria is dependent upon the metabolism of oxygen since oxygen gets reduced to water. Other antioxidant agents such as green tea extract are also capable of reducing the damage resulting from superoxide radicals.

These radicals are found to be toxic to macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, and DNA. The application of various polyphenol and polyene from different vegetables and fruits protect against the damaging effect of hydroxyl radicals Lipinski, Large numbers of metals are responsible for inducing carcinogenicity and toxicity in the animal body.

An excessive amount of iron in the body leads to cancer, vascular diseases and other neurological complications. Copper at higher concentrations is known to result in metastasis. The complexes of cobalt ion led to the production of ROS which cause heart complications.

Research showed that Se can chelate copper ions efficiently and prevent the damage caused to DNA by hydroxyl radicals. The component of red wine binds to high-density lipoprotein HDL and low-density lipoprotein LDL and protect lipoproteins from metal-independent and meta-dependent lipid and protein oxidation Ivanov et al.

According to some studies, melanoidin possessed better scavenging and metal-ion chelating activity which were due to its molecular weight Wu et al. It has been determined that the major source of free radicals in diverse pathological and physiological circumstances is related to the enzyme number.

The enzymes that lead the generation of superoxide include NADPH-dependent oxidase, cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and xanthine oxidase. The production of hydrogen peroxide is catalyzed by the superoxide dismutase enzyme. Various enzymes of peroxisomes such as D-aspartate oxidase, xanthine oxidase, urate oxidase, D-amino acid oxidase and acyl CoA oxidase direct the production of different ROS.

Many natural agents have revealed their potential to restrict the enzymes that direct the generation of free radicals as well as in the development of novel therapeutics agents against oxidative stress-induced diseases Phaniendra et al. Plant alkaloids such as berberine carried out the inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity via reducing the mRNA expression of gp91phox in macrophages.

Lipid peroxidation is damaging due to the production of products which leads to the spread of free radical reactions. The potent function of lipids in the cellular system emphasizes the need to understand the consequences and mechanism of lipid peroxidation in the human body. Polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFAs are utilized as the substrate for the peroxidation of lipids due to the presence of active bis-allylic methylene groups.

The hydrogen-carbon bonds on these methylene units have very low bond-dissociation energy, making the hydrogen atom to be abstracted easily in the radical reactions Davies and Guo, It has been determined that the a -tocopherol is the most suitable antioxidant and protect the membrane from oxidation by reacting with the various lipid radicals generated in the peroxidation chain reaction of lipid.

It carried out the removal of free radical intermediates and prevents the continuation of the propagation reaction Mostafa Abd El-Aal, The natural agent, rosmarinic acid spontaneously penetrates the cell membrane to inhibit the peroxidation of lipids in situ as reported by Fadel et al.

Oxidative stress is the major reason behind the majority of DNA damage in the case of human beings. Various factors are responsible for the production of free radicals and ROS. Antioxidant agents include external antioxidants and internal antioxidants that can be consumed through a diet to fulfil the natural need of the human body.

These agents can scavenge free radicals and prevent further damage Jamshidi et al. The fraction obtained from normal and transformed roots of Rhaponticum carthamoides provides DNA repair and antioxidant effect against oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in Chinese hamster ovary CHO cells ; Skala et al.

The methanolic fraction of Tamarind indica, Adhatoda vasica, Centella asiatica, Pseudomugii furcatus, and Kocuria indica protect against DNA damage. Trans-resveratrol and p-coumaric acid extracted from the ethanolic fraction of germinated peanut also protect against DNA damage Limmongkon et al.

The reactive species oxidize the different types of amino acids present in the protein and result in the generation of the protein-protein cross linkage which further results in the denaturation, loss of protein functioning, loss of transport protein and receptor functioning, and loss of enzymatic activity.

Hydroxyl radicals are reactive, they can further react with both inorganic and organic molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and DNA and results in severe damage to cells Phaniendra et al. Both biliverdin and bilirubin exhibited greater antioxidant activity than alpha-tocopherol against peroxynitrite and peroxyl-radical-induced protein oxidation in the brain microsome of rats in vitro Mancuso et al.

Chemoprevention of cancer is defined as the reverse process or inhibition of carcinogenesis by the administration of synthetic and natural agents as shown in Table 3.

These agents have helped to understand the molecular and cellular levels of carcinogenesis. The chemopreventive agents can be divided into three wide categories.

i Those which prevent the generation of procarcinogens from the precursor components e. C, which avoids nitroso compounds formation Landis-Piwowar and Iyer, ii Blocking agents: These prevent the cancer casing compounds from interacting with the cellular target e.

Further, blocking agents are sub-categorized into three major categories: those which restrict the activation of carcinogen to its carcinogenic form; those which induce the enzyme system capable of carcinogen detoxification, and those which can react with cancer-causing species and prevent their reaction with the cellular targets Steward and Brown, ; Landis-Piwowar and Iyer, iii Suppressing agents: These restrict carcinogenesis by suppressing their activity e.

Antioxidant defence such as the enzymes involved in the DNA damage repair cannot counteract all the oxidants and this results in damage which may lead to mutation and further contribute to carcinogenesis.

Dietary antioxidants are ubiquitous and protect plants against oxidative assault and this property of them may be found to be useful in humans in terms of decreasing the risk of cancer. ROS are involved at all stages of tumor development, consequently, dietary agents are found to be protected throughout the stages of carcinogenesis.

The tumour-inhibitory effects imparted by these plant foods are due to the presence of various antioxidants such as carotenoids, polyphenolics, selenium, vitamin C, vitamin E, and provitamin A, respectively. It is determined that various constituents contribute to the overall protective effect Bouayed and Bohn, Lung tumor risk has been reported to be decreased by the consumption of high vegetables and fruits in both retrospective epidemiological and prospective studies Dela Cruz et al.

Efficient inactivation of both endogenous and xenobiotics toxins results in the restriction of several cytotoxic events, and in the prevention of cellular integrity, which may lead to various diseases.

The contribution of various families of enzymes such as conjugation catalyzing transferase, hydrolases, peroxidases, reductases, dehydrogenases, and monooxygenases results in protection against different hazardous components like N-nitroso compounds, which are very different in their cellular defense mechanism.

Some carcinogens act directly while others need activation Rendic and Guengerich, The metabolism of the xenobiotic component is carried by many enzymes that are included in Phase II and I reactions Jančová and Šiller, Phase I reactions include hydrolysis, reduction, hydroxylation, and oxidation, which results in water-soluble metabolites and further facilitate their excretion and conjugation.

Cytochrome Pdependent monooxygenase is the broadly studied phase I enzyme that is responsible for xenobiotic metabolism. These enzymes are encoded by the superfamily of CYP genes. In the NADPH monooxygenase system: P oxidoreductase transfer the electrons from NADPH to P and results in the formation of ferrocytochrome P which carried out molecular oxygen activation and one of the atoms of oxygen is added to the substrate molecule Riddick et al.

Other enzymes of phase I include: reductase, aromatase, dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase, hydrolase, lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, and monooxygenase. The products of phase I reactions act as a substrate for the phase II enzymes but some of the xenobiotics are conjugated directly bypassing the metabolism of phase I.

Cytochrome b5 is one of the competitive inhibitors of CytP phosphorylation by protein kinase. Thus, b5 has a key role in the activity of cytP Mixed function oxidase is the flavin comprising monooxygenase present in the ER and contains one FAD molecule. The endogenous substrate for this is cysteamine and it can oxidize the nucleophilic sulphur and nitrogen atom Porter, Detoxification enzymes of phase II compete with the activating enzymes of phase I to restrict the generation of electrophiles and catalyze the conversion of these electrophilic molecules to inactivate conjugates, making them more soluble in water and more easily get excreted from the body.

Some of the conjugating reactions are glutathione conjugation, sulfation, and glucuronidation, respectively Hodges and Minich, The consumption of antioxidants through vegetables and fruits that are determined to be the better source of antioxidants helping in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Excessive production of reactive species leads to various pathological diseases such as ulcerogenic, depression, cardiovascular disorders, and rheumatoid arthritis. Antioxidants have been considered to play an important role in the prevention of these diseases.

It has been found that antioxidants have a better potential for the treatment of problems related to sexual maturity, male infertility, and nephrolithiasis Sindhi et al. Despite of various outcomes reported in vitro and in animal models, some studies are concentrated to humans and the results obtained are represented below in Table.

Natural antioxidant agents have many modes of action and can be useful in preventing diseases without side effects Chaudhary and Janmeda, b. The availability of antioxidants should be regulated by a prescription from a healthcare professional.

Consumers should be advised about the health benefits of antioxidants and be encouraged to eat foods rich in vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, leafy vegetables and fresh fruits, which are the main sources of antioxidants.

The main therapeutic limitation is the excessive consumption of antioxidant supplements that can cause side effects because in high concentrations antioxidants can act as pro-oxidants. There is also a significant difference between taking antioxidants from food and administering an isolated substance as a supplement.

Many substances that show beneficial effects in the laboratory do not work when they are introduced into the human body. Many antioxidants do not have good bioavailability.

The concentration of antioxidants such as polyphenols is sometimes so low in the blood that no significant effect is observed Del Rio et al.

Free radicals-directed oxidative stress is known to be harmful to the health of a human being. Various experimental studies determine that free radicals contribute towards the progression and inhibition of various pathologies, ranging from cardiovascular disease to cancer.

Antioxidants can counteract oxidative stress and mitigate all the effects on human health. These compounds gained a lot of attention from the field of biomedical research as they showed a better degree of efficacy in terms of the cure and prevention of various diseases.

Synthetic antioxidants are found to be detrimental to the health of an organism. Therefore, the search for a non-toxic and natural compound with greater antioxidant activity has increased in the last few years. Through the literature survey, we can conclude that oxidative stress should be exploited as a tool for the treatment when and if we would be able to understand the fine-tuning of this phenomenon inside a living body.

Newer approaches that utilise modern technology and collaborative research in combination with established conventional health practices can be used in near future for the improvement of health status, especially among individuals who do not have access to costlier therapeutic drugs.

Conceptualization and design were performed by PC, PJ, and JS-R; investigation, data curation, and writing were performed by PC, AD, and BM; validation, review and editing were performed by PJ, BY, AA, DC, and JS-R; supervision PJ, DC, and JS-R; All the authors contributed equally, read and approved the final manuscript.

All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. We acknowledge the Bioinformatics Centre, Banasthali Vidyapith, supported by DBT and DST for providing computation and networking support through the FIST and CURIE programs at the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

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