doi: cnotrol Annual reports Equality and diversity News A global university. Hypoglycemia can cause headache, dizziness, hunger, shaking, sweating, weakness, and agitation.

Genetics and blood sugar control -

Not everyone who carries a mutation will get diabetes. However, many people with diabetes do have one or more of these mutations.

It can be difficult to separate genetic risk from environmental risk. The latter is often influenced by your family members. For example, parents with nutrient-dense and balanced eating habits are likely to pass them on to the next generation. On the other hand, genetics plays a big part in determining weight.

Studies of twins suggest that type 2 diabetes might be linked to genetics. These studies were complicated by the environmental influences that also affect type 2 diabetes risk. To date, numerous mutations have been shown to affect type 2 diabetes risk. The contribution of each gene is generally small.

However, each additional mutation you have seems to increase your risk. In general, mutations in any gene involved in controlling glucose levels can increase your risk for type 2 diabetes. These include genes that control:.

Your chances of developing type 2 diabetes depend on many factors. Tests are available for some of the gene mutations associated with type 2 diabetes. The increased risk for any given mutation is small, however.

Research shows that type 2 diabetes occurs more frequently in Hispanic, African American, and Asian American people compared with other ethnic groups. This may be due to health inequities that are prevalent in marginalized communities.

The interactions between genetics and the environment make it difficult to identify a definite cause of type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Intervention Accentuating Diet and Enhancing Metabolism study DIADEM, a large, randomized clinical trial of people with type 2 diabetes, suggests that weight loss and increased physical activity can prevent or reverse early type 2 diabetes.

Blood glucose levels returned to normal levels in some cases and most participants experienced diabetes remission. Other reviews of multiple studies have reported similar results.

Slowly add physical activity into your daily routine if you can. For example, take the stairs instead of the elevator or park further away from building entrances. You can also try going for a walk during lunch. Aim for 30 minutes of exercise each day.

Talk with your doctor before starting an exercise routine. They can help you create a plan that complements your needs and abilities so you can safely exercise and take advantage of its health benefits.

Cooking your own meals is the easiest way to make nutrient-dense choices. Come up with a weekly meal plan that includes dishes for every meal. You can ease yourself into it, too. Start by planning your lunches for the week. Stock up on snack options so you can keep your body fueled and energy levels high.

Here are some balanced, easy-to-eat snacks you may want to try:. Knowing about risk factors for type 2 diabetes can help you make changes to prevent developing the condition. Tell your doctor about your family history with type 2 diabetes. They can decide if genetic testing is right for you.

They can also help you reduce your risk through lifestyle changes. Your doctor may also want to regularly check your glucose levels. Testing can help them with early detection of blood sugar abnormalities or identification of type 2 diabetes warning signs.

Read this article in Spanish. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. VIEW ALL HISTORY. The three types are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes….

Since diabetes is characterized by high blood sugar levels, many people wonder if sugar can cause it. But it does increase your chance of getting it. Genetic Risks, Testing, and Prevention. If you or someone in your family has diabetes, you might be wondering if it is genetic.

There are different types of diabetes. For each type, there are specific risk factors that make someone more likely to develop it. Having a parent or sibling with diabetes does mean you are more likely to develop it yourself.

But diabetes isn't just caused by genetics. Having a relative with the disease doesn't guarantee you will get it. This article discusses how genetics factor into diabetes development.

It also covers the importance of screening and takes a closer look at how genetic testing is being used to diagnose specific types of diabetes. Types 1 and 2 diabetes appear to be caused by an interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Over the years, researchers have found an array of specific genes that are linked to diabetes risk.

The genes that have been identified have diverse functions and duties which can affect blood sugar glucose control. Such functions include controlling the release of insulin , pumping glucose into cells, and speeding up the breakdown of glucose.

But, in addition to genes, something in the environment must trigger diabetes to become active. Researchers have found a number of factors that could trigger type 1 diabetes in people who are predisposed to it, including:.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the body mistakenly attacks the beta cells of the pancreas. As a result, the affected person must rely on insulin in the form of an infusion or injection to live.

Roughly 1. People genetically predisposed to type 1 diabetes have a higher chance of developing it, but that does not mean they absolutely will. The risk of developing diabetes varies depending on a person's relationship to a family member with the condition.

For instance:. In addition, type 1 diabetes is most common among non-Hispanic whites, especially those of Northern European descent. This is connected to genes called HLA-DR3 or HLA-DR4, which are linked to autoimmune disease. Suspect genes in other ethnic groups may put people at increased risk.

For example, scientists believe that the HLA-DR7 gene may put Black people at risk, and the HLA-DR9 gene may put Japanese people at risk.

Genetic predisposition alone is not enough to cause type 1 diabetes. And some people can develop type 1 diabetes even though no one in their family has it.

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and the progressive loss of cells in the pancreas that are responsible for making insulin beta cells. As a result, blood sugar levels go uncontrolled.

This is the most common form of diabetes. Many people who have type 2 diabetes may also have other underlying health conditions, such as high blood pressure , cholesterol , and excess weight in the abdominal area. In the past, type 2 diabetes was often referred to as adult diabetes, but it is now known that children can be affected too.

The genetic component of type 2 diabetes is complex and continues to evolve. Many genes have been identified in people with type 2 diabetes. Some genes are related to insulin resistance, while others are related to beta cell function.

Scientists continue to research genes involved in the development of type 2 diabetes and their role in disease progression and treatment. People who have a first-degree relative with type 2 diabetes are estimated to be three times more likely to develop the disease.

But genetic factors are not the only risk. While type 2 diabetes has a stronger link to family history than type 1 diabetes, environmental and behavioral factors also play a role.

As such, interventions can help to prevent or delay a diabetes diagnosis. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy when blood glucose levels become elevated. The placenta provides the baby with nutrients to grow and thrive.

It also produces a variety of hormones during pregnancy. Some of these hormones block the effect of insulin and can make after-meal blood sugars harder to control. This "contra-insulin effect" usually happens around 20 to 24 weeks of pregnancy, which is why people are screened for gestational diabetes at this time.

The US Preventive Services Task Force advises screening for diabetes in women who:. Normally, the pancreas will produce more insulin to make up for hormonal insulin resistance. For some people, their pancreas cannot keep up with insulin production, which results in elevated blood sugar and a gestational diabetes diagnosis.

Most women who develop gestational diabetes will have no symptoms. Several genes have been identified in people with gestational diabetes.

Studies suggest there may be a link between genes for gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Many people diagnosed with gestational diabetes have a close family member such as a parent or sibling with the disease or another form of diabetes, such as type 2 diabetes.

Gestational diabetes appears to run in families. Like other forms of diabetes, having a genetic predisposition doesn't mean you are guaranteed to get gestational diabetes.

Other risk factors include gestational age, weight, activity level, diet, previous pregnancies, and smoking, to name a few. Maintaining adequate blood sugar control is important for the health of the mother and baby.

Genetic testing can be used to identify certain forms of diabetes that are monogenic, meaning that they are related to a change or defect in a single gene.

Both neonatal diabetes and MODY are monogenic, and both tend to be incorrectly diagnosed. Genetic testing is important for making a precise diagnosis, particularly for these monogenic types of diabetes. Furthermore, without a correct diagnosis, the affected person cannot get the proper treatment for the type of diabetes they have.

Physicians often recommend genetic testing when a diabetes diagnosis appears to be atypical. For example, a person who is around age 20 to 25, has abnormal blood sugars, and who does not have any typical risk factors for type 1 or type 2 diabetes, may have MODY.

Unfortunately, insurance often denies coverage for genetic testing even when people fit the criteria, which can cause physicians to miss a MODY diagnosis. Researchers are continually trying to find ways to make genetic testing more cost-effective.

If you suspect that you or your child are at increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes, you might be eligible for a risk screening offered through TrialNet Pathway to Prevention Study.

The screening is free for relatives of people with type 1 diabetes. It uses a blood test to detect diabetes-related antibodies, the presence of which means that the immune system has begun to attack cells in the pancreas. The screening can detect these antibodies years before diabetes symptoms even begin.

People found to be in the early stages of developing type 1 diabetes may also be eligible for the prevention study. Ask your healthcare provider whether genetic testing is available and how helpful it is in determining if you will get diabetes.

Whereas MODY and neonatal diabetes are monogenic, diabetes type 1 and type 2 are polygenic, meaning they are related to changes in multiple genes. Currently, researchers do not feel that genetic testing is ready to diagnose type 2 diabetes.

Because there are so many variants of genes and subtypes of type 2 diabetes, they feel as though better methods and more research need to be done in this area before putting it to practical use.

Similarly, genetic testing is not yet clinically useful for diagnosing polygenic gestational diabetes, as researchers have yet to identify a clear pattern of inheritance. If you have a family history of gestational diabetes or type 2 diabetes, there are ways to reduce your risk of developing the disease.

Maintain a healthy weight or lose weight. If you are overweight, particularly in the abdominal area, losing weight will reduce your risk. While weight gain is important for a healthy pregnancy, people who are pregnant should try to gain weight slowly rather than excessively.

This will help prevent gestational diabetes. Stay active. Aim to exercise at least minutes per week and avoid sitting for long periods of time.

Eat more plants. Add more fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains to your diet, and cut out processed, pre-packaged foods where possible. Health maintenance and regular checkups are important. If you've recently gained weight or are feeling very sluggish and tired, you may be experiencing high blood sugar, which is characterized by insulin resistance.

Because type 2 diabetes often takes years to develop, people can be walking around with impaired glucose tolerance insulin resistance or prediabetes for years without knowing it. If you catch this condition early, you may be able to prevent or delay diabetes from occurring.

Screening is recommended if you have any of the following risk factors:. There are some noninvasive tests that can alert you if you are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

These include hemoglobin A1C , blood pressure, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Sometimes people who have a family history of gestational diabetes can develop diabetes during pregnancy despite their efforts to keep weight gain within a healthy range, exercise, and eat a fiber-rich diet.

Do not beat yourself up if this happens. Pregnancy hormones and insulin resistance which is typical during pregnancy can make controlling blood sugar in pregnancy difficult for some people with genetic risk.

Your medical team will help you reach your blood sugar goals during pregnancy to make sure that you and your baby are healthy and thriving. Once you have delivered your baby, your blood sugars should go back to normal.

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The ADA states that a male with type 1 diabetes only has a 1 in 17 chance of their child developing the condition. The chances are lower for females, with a 1 in 25 chance. Genetic testing may help some people adapt their lifestyle to reduce their risk of diabetes. Genetic testing is most useful in MODY and other rare types of diabetes, where it can reveal the exact genes that cause the condition.

There are several steps someone can take to reduce their risk of type 2 diabetes regardless of genetics. These tips include:.

Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented because it results from genetics and an autoimmune reaction. Diabetes is not contagious and cannot be transmitted from person to person. While genetics may play a role in the development of diabetes, people cannot transfer the condition to someone else through contact.

Diabetes is heritable and can pass down through families. However, having family members with diabetes does not necessarily mean someone will develop the condition.

Diabetes is a common group of conditions that affect blood glucose levels. The causes of diabetes include genetics and environmental factors. Some types of diabetes, such as type 1 diabetes, have a stronger genetic link. However, these types may still require an environmental trigger, such as a virus, to develop.

Several other factors increase the risk of diabetes, such as obesity, diet, and a sedentary lifestyle. People can reduce their risk by maintaining a moderate weight, eating a balanced diet, and exercising regularly.

Individuals who have concerns about their risk of diabetes can speak with a healthcare professional. Diabetes affects the body in many ways, especially if a person finds it difficult to manage their blood sugar levels. Find out how this can impact the….

Diabetes management includes artificial insulin and lifestyle adjustments. Read on to learn more. It can be hard to tell the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Learn about how to recognize diabetes and its effects in children and….

Researchers said baricitinib, a drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, showed promise in a clinical trial in helping slow the progression of type 1…. A new review indicates that insulin—used to manage diabetes—can be kept at room temperature for months without losing its potency.

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Medically reviewed by Kelly Wood, MD — By Aaron Kandola on June 20, Role of genetics Responsible genes Risk factors Genetic testing Prevention FAQ Summary Diabetes mellitus is a condition that affects how the body regulates blood sugar.

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: Genetics and blood sugar control

Is Diabetes Genetic?	For example, environmental factors such as obesity or a sedentary lifestyle play a role. Several gene mutations have been linked to the development of type 2 diabetes. These gene mutations can interact with the environment and each other to further increase your risk. Type 2 diabetes is caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Scientists have linked several gene mutations to a higher diabetes risk. Not everyone who carries a mutation will get diabetes. However, many people with diabetes do have one or more of these mutations. It can be difficult to separate genetic risk from environmental risk. The latter is often influenced by your family members. For example, parents with nutrient-dense and balanced eating habits are likely to pass them on to the next generation. On the other hand, genetics plays a big part in determining weight. Studies of twins suggest that type 2 diabetes might be linked to genetics. These studies were complicated by the environmental influences that also affect type 2 diabetes risk. To date, numerous mutations have been shown to affect type 2 diabetes risk. The contribution of each gene is generally small. However, each additional mutation you have seems to increase your risk. In general, mutations in any gene involved in controlling glucose levels can increase your risk for type 2 diabetes. These include genes that control:. Your chances of developing type 2 diabetes depend on many factors. Tests are available for some of the gene mutations associated with type 2 diabetes. The increased risk for any given mutation is small, however. Research shows that type 2 diabetes occurs more frequently in Hispanic, African American, and Asian American people compared with other ethnic groups. This may be due to health inequities that are prevalent in marginalized communities. The interactions between genetics and the environment make it difficult to identify a definite cause of type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Intervention Accentuating Diet and Enhancing Metabolism study DIADEM, a large, randomized clinical trial of people with type 2 diabetes, suggests that weight loss and increased physical activity can prevent or reverse early type 2 diabetes. Blood glucose levels returned to normal levels in some cases and most participants experienced diabetes remission. Other reviews of multiple studies have reported similar results. Slowly add physical activity into your daily routine if you can. For example, take the stairs instead of the elevator or park further away from building entrances. You can also try going for a walk during lunch. Aim for 30 minutes of exercise each day. People with diabetes have levels of blood sugar that are too high. The different types of diabetes include type 1 diabetes , type 2 diabetes , and gestational diabetes. Diabetes can cause serious health problems, including heart disease, kidney problems, stroke, blindness, and the need for lower leg amputations. People with prediabetes have levels of blood sugar that are higher than normal, but not high enough for them to be diagnosed with diabetes. People with prediabetes are more likely to get type 2 diabetes. Could you have prediabetes? Take this test to find out. If you have a family health history of diabetes, you are more likely to have prediabetes and develop diabetes. You are also more likely to get type 2 diabetes if you have had gestational diabetes , are overweight or obese, or are African American, American Indian, Asian American, Pacific Islander, or Hispanic. Learning about your family health history of diabetes is an important step in finding out if you have prediabetes and knowing if you are more likely to get diabetes. Be sure to let your doctor know about your family health history of diabetes, especially if you have a mother, father, sister, or brother with diabetes. Your doctor might recommend that you have screening for diabetes earlier. Even if you have a family health history of diabetes, you can prevent or delay type 2 diabetes by eating healthier, being physically active, and maintaining or reaching a healthy weight. This is especially important if you have prediabetes, and taking these steps can reverse prediabetes. In experiments that follow relatives of people with type 1 diabetes, researchers have found that most of those who later got diabetes had certain autoantibodies, or proteins that destroy bacteria or viruses antibodies "gone bad" that attack the body's own tissues , in their blood for years before they are diagnosed. If you are a man with type 1 diabetes, the odds of your child developing diabetes are 1 in If you are a woman with type 1 diabetes and your child was born before you were 25, your child's risk is 1 in 25 ; if your child was born after you turned 25, your child's risk is 1 in Your child's risk is doubled if you developed diabetes before age If both you and your partner have type 1 diabetes, the risk is between 1 in 10 and 1 in 4. There is an exception to these numbers: about one in every seven people with type 1 diabetes has a condition called type 2 polyglandular autoimmune syndrome. In addition to having diabetes, these people also have thyroid disease and a poorly working adrenal gland—some also have other immune system disorders. If you have this syndrome, your child's risk of getting the syndrome and developing type 1 diabetes, is one in two. Researchers are learning how to predict a person's odds of getting diabetes. For example, most white people with type 1 diabetes have genes called HLA-DR3 or HLA-DR4, which are linked to autoimmune disease. If you and your child are white and share these genes, your child's risk is higher. Suspect genes in other ethnic groups are less well-studied, however, scientists believe the HLA-DR7 gene may put African Americans at risk, and the HLA-DR9 gene may put Japanese people at risk. An antibodies test can be done for children who have siblings with type 1 diabetes. This test measures antibodies to insulin, to islet cells in the pancreas or to an enzyme called glutamic acid decarboxylase GAD. High levels can indicate that a child has a higher risk of developing type 1 diabetes. If a member of your family has type 1 diabetes, you may be eligible for a risk screening offered through the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention Study. TrialNet risk screening is free to relatives of people with type 1, and uses a simple blood test that can detect your risk of type 1 diabetes years before symptoms appear. If you are in the early stages of type 1 diabetes, you may also be eligible for a prevention study. Learn more about how to get screened.
Diabetes mellitus transmission: Explaining the genetics of diabetes	Chan School of Public Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Type 2 diabetes. Ali O. Genetics of type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes. Johns Hopkins Medicine. Gestational diabetes mellitus GDM. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for gestational diabetes - US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Kleinberger JW, Maloney KA, Pollin TI. The genetic architecture of diabetes in pregnancy: implications for clinical practice. Am J Perinatol. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease. Giannakou K, Evangelou E, Yiallouros P, et al. Risk factors for gestational diabetes: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies. PLoS One. National Institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases. Naylor RN, John PM, Winn AN, et al. Cost-effectiveness of MODY genetic testing: translating genomic advances into practical health applications. Diabetes Care. Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet. T1D facts. Lyssenko V, Laakso M. Genetic screening for the risk of type 2 diabetes: worthless or valuable? Ryan DH, Yockey SR. Curr Obes Rep. Gou BH, Guan HM, Ding BJ. Gestational diabetes: weight gain during pregnancy and its relationship to pregnancy outcomes. Chin Med J Engl. Hyperglycemia high blood glucose. Pippitt K, Li M, Gurgle H. Diabetes mellitus: screening and diagnosis. Am Fam Physician. By Barbie Cervoni, RD Barbie Cervoni MS, RD, CDCES, CDN, is a New York-based registered dietitian and certified diabetes care and education specialist. Use limited data to select advertising. Create profiles for personalised advertising. Use profiles to select personalised advertising. Create profiles to personalise content. Use profiles to select personalised content. Measure advertising performance. Measure content performance. Understand audiences through statistics or combinations of data from different sources. Develop and improve services. Use limited data to select content. List of Partners vendors. Type 2 Diabetes. By Barbie Cervoni, RD. Medically reviewed by Kelly Wood, MD. Table of Contents View All. Table of Contents. Role of Genetics in Diabetes. Can You Reduce Your Risk? Other Things to Consider. Diabetes Mellitus: What a Diagnosis Means for Your Health. These Self-Care Strategies Helped Me Manage Type 1 Diabetes. Life Expectancy With Type 1 Diabetes. Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. See Our Editorial Process. Meet Our Medical Expert Board. Share Feedback. Was this page helpful? Type 2 diabetes. Description Type 2 diabetes is a disorder characterized by abnormally high levels of blood glucose, also called blood sugar. Frequency Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, accounting for 90 to 95 percent of all cases. Causes The causes of type 2 diabetes are complex. Inheritance Type 2 diabetes does not have a clear pattern of inheritance, although many affected individuals have at least one close family member, such as a parent or sibling, with the disease. Other Names for This Condition Adult-onset diabetes Adult-onset diabetes mellitus AODM Diabetes mellitus, adult-onset Diabetes mellitus, non-insulin-dependent Diabetes mellitus, type 2 Diabetes mellitus, type II Maturity-onset diabetes Maturity-onset diabetes mellitus NIDDM Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus T2D Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patient Support and Advocacy Resources Disease InfoSearch National Organization for Rare Disorders NORD. Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials. Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS; T2D. Scientific Articles on PubMed PubMed. References Andersen MK, Pedersen CE, Moltke I, Hansen T, Albrechtsen A, Grarup N. Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes: the Power of Isolated Populations. Curr Diab Rep. doi: Citation on PubMed Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Diabetes Statistics Report, Chatterjee S, Khunti K, Davies MJ. Epub Feb Erratum In: Lancet. Genome-wide trans-ancestry meta-analysis provides insight into the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes susceptibility. Nat Genet. Epub Feb 9. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central Flannick J, Florez JC. Type 2 diabetes: genetic data sharing to advance complex disease research. Nat Rev Genet. Epub Jul The genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes. Citation on PubMed or Free article on PubMed Central McCarthy MI. Genomics, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. N Engl J Med. No abstract available. Given that problems regulating blood glucose after a meal can be an early sign of increased type 2 diabetes risk, the researchers are hopeful that the discovery of the mechanisms involved could lead to new treatments in future. It also shows how genetic studies of dynamic challenge tests can provide important insights that would otherwise remain hidden. The research was supported by Wellcome, the Medical Research Council and the National Institute for Health and Care Research. Reference Williamson, A et al. Genome-wide association study and functional characterisation identifies candidate genes for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Nat Gen; 8 June ; DOI: The text in this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4. All rights reserved. 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Breadcrumb	Suspect genes in other ethnic groups may sutar people at increased contrpl. Atlantic diet may help prevent metabolic syndrome. Genetics and blood sugar control Mental focus and alertness Diabet. Research shows that type 2 Genetics and blood sugar control occurs more frequently in Hispanic, African American, and Asian American people compared with other ethnic groups. Some of these hormones block the effect of insulin and can make after-meal blood sugars harder to control. There are many different types of diabetes, so your risk depends on what type of diabetes you are genetically predisposed to.
Is Type 2 Diabetes Genetic? Environmental Factors and More	Use of Geenetics in childhood Genetics and blood sugar control risk of Type 1 diabetes: a population-based Gendtics study. PLoS ONE. Type 1 Maximum fat burning type 2 diabetes have different causes, but there are two factors that are important in both. High levels can indicate that a child has a higher risk of developing type 1 diabetes. Epigenetics: a molecular link between environmental factors and type 2 diabetes. In the United States, the disease is most common in Native Americans and Alaska Natives.

Diabetes Curcumin Supplements been a disease of public suhar concern for a number of decades. It was bloox the s when scientists Sports stamina drink Genetics and blood sugar control interesting Genetixs that the disease ane actually divided into two Genetics and blood sugar control as some patients were insensitive to insulin treatment then. Type 2 Diabetes which happens to be the non-insulin dependent one is the most common form of the disease and is caused by the interaction between genetic and non-genetic factors. Despite conflicting results, numerous studies have identified genetic and non-genetic factors associated with this common type of diabetes. This review has summarized literature on some genes and suugar factors which have been identified to be anv with Type 2 diabetes.