SS has made substantial contributions to interpretation of data. All authors have Skin rejuvenation secrets final approval of yojng manuscript version to Weight management for young athletes published. was that large parts Weight management for young athletes their yoyng were based Olive oil in cosmetics a self-created, unvalidated questionnaire that kanagement its main managrment on eating disorders [ 44 ]. However, they did find a fivefold higher frequency of athletes scoring at risk for the Body Dissatisfaction BD scale, which made the authors conclude a higher prevalence of weight concerns. Weight loss becomes a problem when nutritional needs are not met or adequate hydration is not maintained see accompanying table. Abstract Weight-control behaviour is commonly observed in a wide range of elite sports, especially leanness sports, where control over body weight is crucial for high peak performance.

Weight management for young athletes -

The AAP Preparticipation Physical Examination monograph contains a history form for use during preparticipation evaluation. aspx and includes questions designed to screen for disordered eating and menstrual irregularities. BMI less than the fifth percentile, BMI less than Education of athletes, parents, and coaches about unhealthy weight loss behaviors and their negative impact on health and athletic performance is important to prevent adverse health effects.

For non—weight-class sports, coaches should promote healthy eating habits and be alert to unhealthy eating habits in their athletes. Coaches of weight-class sports should discourage unhealthy weight-control methods and encourage athletes to compete at a weight that is appropriate for their age, height, physique, and stage of growth and development.

Many coaches inappropriately focus on weight instead of performance. In addition, coaches generally do not have an adequate nutritional background to counsel an athlete about weight loss. Athletes should focus on optimizing energy availability for maximizing performance and good health.

Female athletes with menstrual dysfunction require an evaluation to determine the underlying etiology. If low energy availability is the cause, increasing energy intake will generally lead to resumption of normal menses.

Referral to an RDN may be of benefit to assist athletes with a well-designed, healthy weight loss program or to provide guidance on increasing caloric intake, when appropriate. The AAP has published clinical reports that outline guidance for the prevention and treatment of obesity for all children and adolescents.

For most children and adolescents, the goal of weight management should be to keep BMI below the 85th percentile.

Recommendations for weight maintenance and weight loss are based on the degree of obesity. Excessive body fat may interfere with acclimation to heat and negatively affect speed, endurance, and work efficiency.

Because weight is not an accurate indicator of body fat, lean muscle mass, or performance, athletes should focus on maintaining lean muscle mass.

An imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure can result in the loss of lean muscle mass, which can negatively affect performance. Athletes should avoid cyclic weight fluctuations.

Once desired body composition and weight are achieved, dietary, exercise and lifestyle behaviors should focus on maintenance, with allowances for growth. Gradual weight loss appears to confer greater performance benefits than rapid weight loss. A study of athletes engaged in strength training demonstrated that weight reduction of 0.

Adult athletes generally require a minimum of kcal per day, but this can vary widely depending on sex and level of activity. Type and intensity of physical activity will also influence caloric needs. Young athletes attempting to lose weight may benefit from the guidance of a RDN with sports nutrition experience.

Athletes involved in sports such as football, rugby, power lifting, and bodybuilding may desire to gain weight and lean muscle mass to improve power and strength or to achieve a muscular physique.

Preadolescent and adolescent athletes who want to gain weight may require guidance about appropriate, healthy strategies for achieving their goals. Table 7 lists healthy and unhealthy methods of weight gain.

Increasing caloric intake in the form of food consumption or use of dietary supplements may lead to excessive fat accumulation rather than the desired increase in lean muscle mass. Supplement manufacturers are not required to prove safety before bringing their products to the market.

Many supplements, even those sold by national retailers, contain unlisted, potentially harmful ingredients. Adolescent males who perceive themselves as under- or overweight are nearly 4 times more likely to use anabolic steroids to attempt to change body composition as compared with those who perceive themselves as being at an appropriate weight.

Summary of Performance-Enhancing Substances Commonly Used by Athletes With Effects on Performance and Possible Adverse Effects. Modified from LaBotz M, Griesemer BA; Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness.

AAP Clinical Report: Use of Performance Enhancing Substances. AAS, anabolic-androgenic steroid; DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone; hGH, human growth hormone; HMB, hydroxymethyl butyrate; IGF-1, insulin-like grow factor 1; —, not applicable.

Young athletes in sports in which a muscular physique is valued for aesthetic or performance reasons may seek to gain weight and increase lean body mass through a combination of increased caloric intake and strength training. Female athletes and prepubertal male athletes typically increase strength with a weight-training program but generally do not have sufficient circulating androgens to increase muscle bulk considerably.

To increase muscle mass, athletes must consume sufficient calories and include adequate proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Increased energy intake should always be combined with strength training to induce muscle growth. Children and adolescents who wish to engage in strength training should begin by learning proper technique without resistance.

Weight loads should be increased gradually; programs should incorporate 2 to 3 sets of 8 to 15 repetitions with the athlete maintaining proper technique. Although weight-training programs for children and adolescents have health and athletic performance benefits, the AAP recommends that skeletally immature children and adolescents avoid power lifting, bodybuilding, and maximal lifts.

BMI, defined as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared, 2 is a commonly applied screening tool used as a measure to assess general health. BMI values between the 5th and 85th percentile for age are considered normal.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has published BMI charts that categorize BMIs on the basis of sex and age. Approximately one-third of adults classified as having obesity on the basis of BMI measurement have good cardiac and metabolic health on the basis of other variables, such as blood pressure, cholesterol concentrations, and insulin resistance.

An increased torso-to-leg ratio also results in increased BMI. In adolescents, increased weight gain and increased height velocity during puberty may not coincide, resulting in temporary elevation or depression of BMI.

Although there are normative data for body fat percentage, there are no established recommendations regarding body composition in children and adolescents. These minimums are well under the fifth percentile for body fat observed in the general adolescent population.

Rather than suggesting a specific percentage of body fat for an individual athlete, a range of values that is realistic and appropriate should be recommended. Physicians who care for young athletes are encouraged to have an understanding of healthy and unhealthy weight-control methods;.

Health supervision visits for young athletes generally include history-taking to ascertain diet and physical activity patterns. When discussing diet and exercise, physicians can encourage parents of young athletes to place nutritional needs for growth and development above athletic considerations.

Acute weight loss through dehydration and the use of potentially harmful medications and supplements for weight control should be strongly discouraged;. Physicians should counsel young athletes who express a desire to gain or lose weight to avoid weight-control methods that may have adverse health effects, such as acute weight loss through dehydration and the use of potentially harmful medications and supplements.

Many of these methods may have a negative effect on performance as well;. Some states require a specific form for sports preparticipation examinations. For physicians in states without a specific requirement, the AAP Preparticipation Physical Examination monograph contains a standardized history-taking form that may be helpful for screening athletes.

This form is also available on the AAP Web site and includes questions designed to screen for disordered eating and menstrual irregularities. Physicians are encouraged to engage the services of RDNs familiar with athletes to help with complex weight-control issues, if these providers are available in their communities.

Monitoring athletes with weight-control issues every 1 to 3 months can aid the physician in detecting excessive weight loss;. There are no established recommendations for body fat percentages in adolescent athletes. Rather than suggesting a specific percentage of body fat for an individual athlete, a range of values that is realistic and appropriate should be recommended;.

Physicians should counsel young athletes that weight gain or weight loss regimens should be initiated early enough to permit gradual weight change before a sport season.

Slow weight gain, in combination with strength training, will decrease gain of body fat. Slow weight loss in the athlete with excess body fat will decrease loss of muscle mass.

A well-balanced diet is recommended for all athletes. Once the desired weight is obtained, the athlete should attempt to maintain a constant weight; and. When opportunities for community education arise, pediatricians should collaborate with coaches and certified athletic trainers to encourage healthy eating and exercise habits.

Dr Martin drafted the report update proposal, conceptualized the initial manuscript, contributed to editing on the basis of comments from American Academy of Pediatrics AAP reviewers; Dr Johnson conceptualized and wrote the initial manuscript, contributed to editing on the basis of comments from AAP reviewers; Dr Carl revised the initial manuscript, contributed to editing on the basis of comments from AAP reviewers; and all authors approved the final manuscript.

This document is copyrighted and is property of the American Academy of Pediatrics and its Board of Directors. All authors have filed conflict of interest statements with the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Any conflicts have been resolved through a process approved by the Board of Directors. The American Academy of Pediatrics has neither solicited nor accepted any commercial involvement in the development of the content of this publication. Clinical reports from the American Academy of Pediatrics benefit from expertise and resources of liaisons and internal AAP and external reviewers.

However, clinical reports from the American Academy of Pediatrics may not reflect the views of the liaisons or the organizations or government agencies that they represent.

The guidance in this report does not indicate an exclusive course of treatment or serve as a standard of medical care. Variations, taking into account individual circumstances, may be appropriate. All clinical reports from the American Academy of Pediatrics automatically expire 5 years after publication unless reaffirmed, revised, or retired at or before that time.

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Advanced Search. Skip Nav Destination Close navigation menu Article navigation. Volume , Issue 3. Previous Article Next Article. Weight Loss. Unhealthy Weight Loss. Healthy Weight Loss in the Athlete Classified as Having Overweight or Obesity. Weight Gain. Unhealthy Weight Gain.

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From the American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Report September 01 Promotion of Healthy Weight-Control Practices in Young Athletes Rebecca L. Carl, MD ; Rebecca L. Carl, MD. Address correspondence to Rebecca Carl, MD, MS, FAAP. E-mail: rcarl luriechildrens. This Site. Google Scholar.

Miriam D. Johnson, MD ; Miriam D. Johnson, MD. b Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;. Thomas J. Martin, MD ; Thomas J. Martin, MD. c Department of Pediatrics, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania;. d Department of Pediatrics, Milton S.

Hershey College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and. e Central Pennsylvania Clinic for Special Children and Adults, Belleville, Pennsylvania. COUNCIL ON SPORTS MEDICINE AND FITNESS ; COUNCIL ON SPORTS MEDICINE AND FITNESS. Cynthia R. LaBella, MD ; Cynthia R. LaBella, MD.

Margaret A. Brooks, MD ; Margaret A. Brooks, MD. Alex Diamond, DO ; Alex Diamond, DO. Consider the strong genetic component in obesity. If the parents and family are not at ideal weight, it might be more difficult for the athlete to get to ideal weight. Parents and Coaches: Set realistic goals.

The primary goal should be to not gain weight. The next goal should be gradual weight loss, not extreme weight loss. Also, and this is essential, set process goals, not outcome goals. Avoid comments about how the athlete looks. Shame does not improve weight loss. Help the athlete learn skills to back up the weight loss.

This is much more effective in the long-term than a crash diet. Work on healthy habits, self-regulation, coping skills and cooking skills. Ensure that the home environment supports weight loss. Healthy foods should be available and the household should be encouraging.

The doctor can work with you or refer you to a dietitian to develop a healthy eating plan for your young athlete. Kids need to eat well on game days. The meal itself should not be very different from what they've eaten throughout training. Athletes can choose healthy foods they believe enhance their performance and don't cause any problems like stomach upset.

Athletes need to eat the right amount and mix of foods to support their higher level of activity. But that mix might not be too different from a normal healthy diet.

Eating for sports should be another part of healthy eating for life. KidsHealth Parents Feeding Your Child Athlete. en español: Cómo alimentar a su joven deportista. Medically reviewed by: Mary L. Gavin, MD. Listen Play Stop Volume mp3 Settings Close Player.

Larger text size Large text size Regular text size. Nutritional Needs of Young Athletes Active, athletic kids and teens need: Vitamins and minerals: Kids need a variety of vitamins and minerals.

Calcium and iron are two important minerals for athletes: Calcium helps build strong bones to resist breaking and stress fractures. Calcium-rich foods include low-fat dairy products like milk, yogurt, and cheese, as well as leafy green vegetables such as broccoli. Iron helps carry oxygen to all the different body parts that need it.

Iron-rich foods include lean meat, chicken, tuna, salmon, eggs, dried fruits, leafy green vegetables, and fortified whole grains. Protein: Protein helps build and repair muscles, and most kids get plenty of it through a balanced diet.

Protein-rich foods include fish, lean meat and poultry, dairy products, beans, nuts, and soy products.

Weight management for young athletes, well-balanced meals and snacks give kids Body composition monitoring nutrients they need Weight management for young athletes do well in sports. Mqnagement getting the Sciatica pain relief amount of calories, Weiht a variety manageent nutritious foods will help them play at their best. Most young athletes eat the right amount of food their bodies need. Some young athletes, though, have higher energy and fluid needs. All-day competitions or intense endurance sports like rowing, cross-country running, or competitive swimming can involve 1½ to 2 hours or more of activity at a time. Kids and teens who do these may need to eat more food to keep up with increased energy demands.

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What is the best way for an athlete to lose weight? - Ina Garthe

Weight management for young athletes -

And there are three things that I would like you to know. First, successful athletes set goals and a planned roadmap. Second, goals should be written down, assessed over time, and changed if necessary. And third, goals need to be challenging in order to be worthwhile.

As a freshmen at Edinboro University, I was a part of a team that made the national championship game. And at that time I recognized I was the low man on the totem pole, but I felt in my heart that I knew my dreams were so much bigger than winning a national title.

I wanted to make Team USA. I knew what achieving my lofty goal was not going to be easy and that I would need to work hard every day. So, as a reminder, I created a pyramid of goals that I kept right above my bed.

This pyramid reminded me of the accomplishments that I was working towards and visually represented my need to create a solid foundation underneath me before reaching the top. The middle row listed winning a national title and playing for a professional team.

And at the top row, the most challenging of them all, I listed becoming a gold medalist for Team USA. By understanding that there are smaller stepping stones to achieving my ultimate goal of being on Team USA, I was able to stay motivated and to stay focused on completing the smaller stepping stones fully before moving onto the next one.

Remember, create a clear goal roadmap, assess your goals often, and continue to challenge yourself. I hope that you never stopped dreaming big or reaching for the stars. And I look forward to seeing where your roadmap takes you.

First, healthy thoughts often lead to healthier bodies. And third, true beauty goes deeper than the skin. My coaches and I adapt to my training frequently, all with the goal of supporting my long-term success and health in the sport of javelin.

In the lead up to the Olympic trials, I was told in order to improve my performance on the field, I should try to become a leaner, skinnier version of myself. So I changed my diet. And I believe becoming leaner than my body naturally wanted to be was what caused my ACL to tear. In the end, it cost me heavily going into the London games.

You should do your research and experiment with your diet to find what makes you feel the best, rather than focusing on what you look like. Today, if I feel like having a chocolate chip cookie, I have one, just not every day. I hydrate and allow myself time to recover.

And I listen to and communicate with my body so that I can be the best version of myself. In the end, you are in control of how you see, treat, and respond to your body. Be a true sport athlete. Love who you are in this moment and get excited for all the places your body will take you.

Today, I want to talk to you about being a good sport. First, real winners act the same toward their opponent, whether they win or lose. Second, follow the rules and be a gracious winner and respectful loser. And third, sportsmanship reveals your true character.

I started competing in Modern Pentathlon eight years after my older sister and three-time Olympian, Margaux Isaksen, began competing. I soon realized that people often compared the two of us. I know that it would have been easy to let our hyper competitive mindset affect our relationship, but instead we decided to support and cheer for each other, regardless of our own performance.

My experience of competing against and being compared to my older sister, taught me to focus on how to perform at my best, rather than putting wasted energy into wishing for others to fail. I believe that sportsmanship reveals true character.

Remember, be a fierce competitor, find grace in all your victories and losses. And I hope to see you out there. Maybe what you want is very simple, for everyone to just run in the right direction, score for their own team, to try and try again and again.

Maybe you want your athletes to become all stars. You want them to earn trophies, medals, win titles. You want them to reach the highest height their sport allows. But as every great coach discovers, developing a great athlete means nurturing, nurturing the even greater person within.

Truth is, you have even more influence than you know. In general, difficulties seem to arise when looking at the topic of pathogenic weight concerns and weight-control behaviour.

Specifically, there does not seem to be a clear common definition of what weight concerns and weight-control behaviour are. As a result, a variety of different measuring instruments are used. This heterogeneity makes consistent conclusions difficult.

In our review, we included all studies that used these two terms. However, further research should clarify what these terms comprise exactly to get a better idea of what appropriate measures might be. Another problem arises with choosing appropriate screening instruments.

This is due to the fact that in some sports types the very same behaviours can be pathogenic or non-pathogenic depending on circumstances. Normally, screening instruments used are not specifically designed for or even adapted to athletes and their specific demands which might incorrectly classify non-pathogenic, functional behaviour as part of a pathogenic one [ 25 ].

Furthermore, the next difficult distinction is the thin line between pathogenic weight-control behaviour and eating disorders in elite sports. This is especially supported by the fact that in leanness-sports a very thin look is considered normal, and more radical forms of weight-control are often accepted by coaches and athletes [ 2 , 6 , 8 , 52 ].

According to her, female athletes suffering from it show an intensive fear of gaining weight or even becoming obese, although the athlete is not overweight at all. To achieve their individually set ideal weight, these athletes use a variety of pathogenic weight-control techniques [ 8 ].

On the other hand, it is impossible to deny that for some sport disciplines a change of body weight is a necessary part of training and competition. Here, it is most crucial to support athletes in losing or gaining weight in a healthy way.

Several organizations and associations have acknowledged this fact and now provide specific guidelines for healthy weight management in elite athletes [ 9 , 53 ]. Therefore it seems crucial to combine the two sources by providing trainers with additional information about the topic of weight concerns and weight-control behaviour in young elite athletes.

Another challenge for this review was the broad heterogeneity of studies. Their sample sizes ranged from 10 to participants. Some examined groups only consisted of athletes from a special type of sport, and some had no control-groups to give evidence of the differences between athletes and non-athletes Furthermore, results are mostly based on self-rating questionnaires and no expert interviews.

This may have affected the validity, because many athletes might not answer truthfully or withhold their pathogenic concerns or weight-control behaviour. When some studies cooperated with the respective sports association or college, it cannot be excluded that athletes held back some information, as they might have been scared to lose privileges within their system.

In any case, this would have only lead to an underestimation of the results found. Additionally, the methods differ strongly between cross-sectional studies with big cohorts and qualitative interview studies with small samples.

Whereas, for example, Johnson et al. examined nearly athletes from 11 different universities [ 44 ], Galli and Reel examined 10 male athletes over ten in-depth semi-structured interviews regarding body image in male athletes [ 47 ]. Both methods are respectable forms of research but make a comparison difficult if not impossible.

Taken together, the examined papers show that there is some prevalence of pathogenic weight concerns and weight-control behaviour in elite athletes.

However, there is no certainty that the prevalence is higher than in control groups. Only in leanness-sports, where athletes are encouraged to be thin for either appearance or performance, the prevalence of pathogenic weight-control behaviour is higher in frequency than in non-athletes.

The pressure of competitive sports seems therefore to be a risk factor for both genders. Thus, special attention should be paid to athletes in leanness sports who have experiences with dieting and who show body- or weight-dissatisfaction.

Further research is necessary to get a better understanding of the connection between elite sports and pathogenic weight-control behaviour. First results show that this combined approach provides comprehensive data [ 55 — 58 ]. In addition, long-term studies are needed to see what happens if young athletes stop competing as adults.

Hagmar M, Hirschberg AL, Berglund L, Berglund B: Special attention to the weight-control strategies employed by Olympic athletes striving for leanness is required.

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We would like to thank Franziska Kocher Postgraduate Student for her initial input and her support in retrieving the articles as well as Clare Blythe Research Assistant for proofreading the manuscript. Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr, 5, , Tübingen, Germany.

Institute of Sports Science, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany. Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Anne Werner. AW and SZ carried out the literature search and drafted the manuscript. AT, JM and KEG have made substantial contributions to conception and design, and interpretation of data.

All three have revised the article critically for important intellectual content. SS has made substantial contributions to interpretation of data. He has revised the article critically for important intellectual content. All authors have given final approval of the manuscript version to be published.

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. Reprints and permissions. Werner, A. et al. Weight-control behaviour and weight-concerns in young elite athletes — a systematic review.

J Eat Disord 1 , 18 Download citation. These are more accurate but also tend to be expensive and harder to come by. SUMMARY Crash diets can increase your risk of illness and injury, as well as negatively affect your training and recovery.

Therefore, avoid cutting your calorie intake by more than — calories per day. However, restricting carbs too dramatically is not always best for athletes. Still, consume no less than 1. Cutting out added sugars is the healthiest way to reduce your total carb intake. To do so, check labels and minimize foods that contain added sugars like glucose, sucrose, and fructose.

Also, avoid cane juice, dextrin, maltodextrin, barley malt, caramel, fruit juice concentrate, fruit juice crystals, or other syrups.

Instead, increase your intake of vegetables high in fiber. These will help keep you fuller for longer, making you feel more satisfied 12 , 13 , SUMMARY Eating less sugar and more fiber can help you reach your body fat goals.

Athletes should aim to eat no less than 1. Protein aids fat loss in several ways. To begin with, high-protein diets increase feelings of fullness and the number of calories burned during digestion. They also help prevent muscle loss during periods of weight loss, including in well-trained athletes 5 , In fact, several studies show that eating 2—3 times more protein per day can help athletes retain more muscle while losing fat 9 , 16 , Therefore, athletes restricting their calories to lose weight should eat 0.

Consuming more than these amounts can displace other important nutrients, such as carbs, from your diet.

This can limit your ability to train and maintain good sports performance 2 , 3 , 9 , SUMMARY Higher protein intakes help limit muscle loss while your weight is dropping. Athletes should aim to consume 0. In addition to eating more protein, athletes can benefit from spreading their intake throughout the day In fact, 20—30 grams of protein per meal seems sufficient to stimulate muscles to produce protein for the following 2—3 hours.

Interestingly, studies in athletes show that spreading 80 grams of protein over 4 meals stimulates muscle protein production more than splitting it over 2 larger meals or 8 smaller ones 22 , Eating a snack with 40 grams of protein immediately before bedtime can also improve recovery from training and increase muscle protein synthesis during the night SUMMARY Eating 20—30 grams of protein every 3 hours, including right before bed, may help maintain muscle mass during weight loss.

Eating the right foods after training or competing is vital, especially when trying to lose body fat. Proper refueling is especially important for days with two training sessions or when you have fewer than eight hours of recovery time between workouts and events 2.

Athletes following carb-restricted diets should aim to consume between 0. Adding 20—25 grams of protein can further speed up recovery and promote protein production in your muscles 2. SUMMARY Consuming a good amount of carbs and protein immediately after training can help maintain your sports performance during weight loss.

Individuals attempting to lose weight are often at risk of losing some muscle in addition to fat. Athletes are no exception. Some muscle loss can be prevented by eating a sufficient amount of protein, avoiding crash diets, and lifting weights 3.

Research shows that both protein intake and strength-training exercises stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Nevertheless, make sure to speak to your coach before adding any extra workouts to your schedule.

This will reduce your risk of overtraining or injuries.

There are many Stay hydrated, stay healthy an adolescent ahhletes want mqnagement lose weight. Some adolescents may feel Olive oil in cosmetics about their bodies when changing in the Olive oil in cosmetics tahletes. Others may want to atyletes some idealized standard of Weiyht, or have a body like their favorite athlete. But for the majority, wanting to lose weight comes from a stigma they have felt either directly in the form of being teased by their peers or indirectly such as through media. According to pediatrician Stephen J. Research documents [note] stigma by parents and other family members, teachers, health care professionals, and society at large, including the popular media.