Macronutrients and cognitive function -
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Highbush Blueberry Council, and California Strawberry Commission to B. School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, , Australia. Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, XH, Netherlands.
Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, UMR, France. USDA-ARS, Human Nutrition Research Center On Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, , USA. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.
All authors made substantial contributions to the design and conception of the work, drafting it, revising it critically for important intellectual content.
All authors approve the completed version. Correspondence to Sarah J. Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Figure 4. Vitamin B2 intake. Although carbohydrate intake positively influenced cognitive performance in the repeated measures ANOVA model, it was not retained in the linear regression models High protein intake was a significant negative predictor of both the mean Table 4 and the maximal Table 5 NT speed threshold.
Similarly, there was a significant negative relationship between age and the maximal Table 5 NT speed threshold. Younger subjects had significantly better maximal NT speed threshold than older participants; however, there was not a significant relationship between age and the mean NT speed threshold.
Vitamin B2 riboflavin had a significantly positive relationship with both the mean Table 4 and the maximal Table 5 NT speed threshold. Previous investigations have found that carbohydrates contribute to athletic performance and endurance, but there has been limited emphasis on the relationship between carbohydrate intake and cognitive ability While carbohydrate recommendations for endurance athletes vary based on their intensity and length of performance, recent studies demonstrated a positive relationship between carbohydrate mouth rinses and improved accuracy and precision in cognitive processing 14 , However, there is limited research evaluating the relationship of carbohydrate consumption and cognitive performance 15 , A small study that evaluated the relationship between three different mouth rinses containing 1.
The carbohydrate rinse also decreased the rating of perceived exertion RPE when compared to the other rinses Another small study that evaluated the impact of maltodextrin mouth rinses also reported that fatigued fencing athletes displayed enhanced accuracy in this skill-based sport after using a maltodextrin mouth rinse Brain imaging of participants using 1.
However, more research on the relationship between habitual carbohydrate consumption and cognitive performance is needed. Our research showed a significantly negative linear relation between total protein intake and the mean and maximal speed threshold in cognitive testing.
Previous investigations reporting a positive relationship between dietary protein consumption and cognitive response were conducted in aging persons, which often consume less protein than the needed protein for maintaining their health 37 , However, our population was younger, and many consumed above the RDA for protein, which may have influenced the conflict with the present result.
In a study that examined the impact of dietary protein on cognitive performance compared the impact of carbohydrates alone to a protein and carbohydrate mixture, no significant differences in cognitive ability were demonstrated after a min period of exercise Studies evaluating the impact of protein on cognitive performance most often focus on branched chain amino acids 40 whereas we evaluated total protein consumption.
These percentages also align with other research studies that support the positive relationship of complex carbohydrates with cognitive performance 11 , Many diets promote extreme ratios of macronutrients for distinct reasons including, but not limited to, weight loss and athletic performance However, these diets have not evaluated the impact of the varying macronutrient ratios on cognitive performance suggesting additional investigations of macronutrient ratios and cognitive performance is warranted.
Our data suggest a positive relationship between vitamin B2 riboflavin and visual cognitive performance. Additionally, dietary riboflavin has been shown to serve as a protective factor for global cognitive ability Vitamin B2 is essential for macronutrient metabolism, energy generation, and many other physiological functions including but not limited to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles Limitations of this study include the subject population and the length of the study.
The young, college-enrolled population limits the generalization of the results to other age and demographic groups. However, we provided baseline participant education on the level of detail required for reporting and handouts with portion size estimates were given to participants.
Food logs were also checked upon submission for detail. Additionally, 10 food records greatly exceed the standard 3 food records for dietary assessment and may capture more of the variability and reflect longer term intake better.
Furthermore, this study is limited by the lack of biochemical assessment indicators such as serum analysis and macular pigment optical density for objective evaluation 42 , 45 — Athletes who often manipulate macronutrient ratios for muscular performance gains may consider optimizing this balance of protein for muscular gains and carbohydrate for both high energy metabolism and visual cognitive performance.
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. NG conducted the research. CS and KB coordinated and supervised the research.
KB drafted the manuscript. JG and AR edited the manuscript. SR conception and design of the research, analyzed the data, and interpreted the results of experiments.
KB and SR edited and approved final version of manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors wish to extend their gratitude to the participants of this study with whom this project has been successfully completed.
Thank you also to the undergraduate student research team who assisted with recruiting and data collection. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Eur J Sport Sci. de Pauw, K, Roelands, B, Knaepen, K, Polfliet, M, Stiens, J, and Meeusen, R. Effects of caffeine and maltodextrin mouth rinsing on P, brain imaging, and cognitive performance. We synthesized research on macronutrients from whole meals on cognitive function in healthy adults and identified underlying mechanisms.
Intake of simple carbohydrates 'sugars' is consistently associated with decreased global cognition whereas consumption of complex carbohydrates correlates with successful brain aging and improved memory both in the short- and long-term.
Saturated fatty acid intake correlates with decreased memory and learning scores whereas omega-3 intake correlates positively with memory scores. Protein intake boosts executive function and working memory when task-demands are high.
Individual differences affecting the macronutrient-cognition relationship are age, physical activity, and glucose metabolism. Neural correlates reflect findings on cognitive functions: cortical thickness and cerebral amyloid burden correlate with sugar intake, inflammatory status and cerebral glucose metabolism correlate with fatty acid intake.
Ewa FunctinUniversity School of Physical Macronutrients and cognitive function in Macronutrients and cognitive function, Macronutriente Follow Barbara FraczekDepartment of Cignitive Medicine and Human Maacronutrients, Faculty of Physical Education and Ane, University School of Hydration for travel Education in Krakow, Macronutrientx Follow. Proper nutrition is a key factor in physical performance, but there are also indications of an impact of dietary components on the brain function. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the impact of macronutrients and water on cognitive performance. Assumptions of the Mediterranean diet correlate with better global cognition, episodic memory, lower risk of cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases. In turn, a high-fat and high-sugar diet shows the opposite effect.
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