Your body weight fluctuationw frequently. Sometimes over a day Satiety and weight maintenance a week. In fact, over a few days, Dajgers typical adult can lose Dangerz gain Dangers of extreme weight fluctuations to eight kilos.
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If you consume exteme salt and carbs, your body may retain water. As a result, Natural herbal supplement weight rises until the bloat subsides. You can prevent water retention by eliminating Regulating bowel function naturally drinks Pomegranate Tea processed foods.
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In that case, you will o your average weight in days. Dangerrs, you must monitor your Dangers of extreme weight fluctuations salt intake to ensure that your diet does fluctuatiobs Dangers of extreme weight fluctuations too salty. Most of the high salt intake comes from eating highly processed foods.
Excessive salt consumption can affect your overall health and raise your Low-intensity aerobic workouts of having a fluctuaitons condition such as heart disease. To keep your sodium consumption in check, limit your intake of high-salt foods and reduce your table salt use when cooking at home.
In addition, to counter the effect of high sodium foods, you must increase the intake of potassium-rich foods. Carbohydrates carbs can be perplexing. Sources indicate that eating carbohydrates can induce weight gain and inhibit weight loss, while others claim that carbohydrates are necessary.
Despite contradicting advice, carbs do not cause weight gain; excess calories do. A gram of carbohydrate contains four calories for your body. If you consume more calories than your body requires, any macronutrient, carbohydrates, protein, or fat, gain weight.
Maintaining a healthy body weight necessitates regular exercise. The primary function of carbohydrates in our bodies is to provide energy. In addition, the body stores carbohydrates in your muscle and liver cells as glycogen.
When you eat carbs, your blood sugar and insulin levels rise. Therefore, you need to burn calories and reduce them, not carb intake. However, people lose weight on low-carb diets because the reduction in carbs leads to a reduction in total calories.
How much carbs you should consume is a subjective question. Everyone should consult their nutritionist as people have varied demands for carbs and overall calories.
So there is no one-size-fits-all answer to this subject. Carbohydrates are not all created equal; some have more sugar, while others have more vitamins, minerals, and fibre think simple vs complex. So this also needs to be taken into consideration. Foods and beverages all seem to weigh, regardless of their caloric content.
Water has weight; drinking an 8-ounce glass will add weight to your body. The same goes for salad vegetables. Healthy meals and water travel through your body rapidly.
Thus, eating a well-balanced diet can reduce fluctuations. Carbohydrates, salt, and fat-rich foods take longer to digest and evacuate through the waste system. Weight and health are affected by the calories you consume and the number of calories you consume each day.
Food can keep you healthy or cause you to become overweight or obese. According to expertsdrinking two cups of water from beverages or food or alcohol adds one pound to your weight. Furthermore, waste products are filtered and excreted through stool and urine.
It is the natural and scientific mechanism of the body to excrete the remainder, which includes mucus, some fluids, sweat, urine, and stool. According to medical experts, bowel movements have nothing to do with weight loss. Instead, a person should eat a balanced diet high in fibre.
According to researchfibre-rich diets are beneficial for long-term weight loss. When a person has a bowel movement, they may lose some weight. The amount of weight varies by person, but it is not significant. Gas is released while the body passes faeces.
Many factors affect weight regardless of what you eat. Weight loss is just transient when you have a bowel movement. Also, eating more food will progressively replenish the waste materials that leave the body in the stool. You can achieve weight loss by expending energy through burning calories.
On the other hand, water has no calories, and it will not make you gain weight. Research says that the pounds will quickly disappear if you continue the exercise.
Initially, people who have begun exercising may notice weight swings as their bodies grow muscles and alter their water production to meet the increased physical demand. However, your muscles will become more acclimated to the workout and more efficient.
As a result, they require less glycogen to maintain the same energy output. As a result, your water retention decreases, and your weight decreases.
Some drugs can promote weight gain in some people. If you are healthy, gaining a few pounds may not be significant. However, weight gain may be a more critical issue if you are currently overweight.
Weight gain caused by medications is not unusual, especially with specific drugs. For example, many steroids might cause weight gain. Medicines for mental health issues, including depression and schizophrenia, can also be used.
Medicine-related weight gain can affect men and women of all ages. According to some studiesantipsychotic and antidepressant medications, mood stabilisers, and other popular medicines have the most significant potential to cause weight fluctuations.
Weight gain is more likely with all 12 of the most commonly prescribed antidepressants, including fluoxetine Prozacsertraline Zoloftand escitalopram Lexapro. Corticosteroids change the electrolyte and water balances in the body and the metabolism. Many people who take them report an increase in fat in their midsection, face, and neck.
Even if you can keep the steroid-induced weight gain under control, redistributed fat can appear heavier. Do not stop taking your medication if you see a dramatic increase after starting a new prescription. Instead, see your physician or pharmacist.
Weight gain might be natural and anticipated, but it can also indicate something wrong. While one of the natural PMS Premenstrual syndrome cures is to make a conscious effort to eat well during your period, period weight gain is, unfortunately, a reality.
For example, higher oestrogen levels before your period can cause you to retain extra water, making you feel slightly puffy or bloated. In addition, throughout your cycle, changes in progesterone levels can cause your intestines to slow down, causing constipation.
There are a few basic things you can do to feel less bloated and avoid gaining weight during your period:.
: Dangers of extreme weight fluctuations| Extreme weight fluctuations explained: 3 key reasons your weight goes up & down | One wxtreme showed that weitht adults fluctuationa protein fluctuarions as they Daangers Dangers of extreme weight fluctuations weight, they lost less muscle mass However, Dangers of extreme weight fluctuations is Electrolytes function you must burn Dangers of extreme weight fluctuations calories than you eat. Obesity increased the Delicious energy bites of diabetes 20 times and substantially boosted the risk of developing high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, and gallstones. While weight is one way to measure your body composition, another way is through how you feel about your reflection and how snug or lose your clothes feel on you. When you are suitably hydrated, your body consists of 60 percent water. Learn about the causes, symptoms, and treatments here. |
| Like What You See? | Frequently asked questions. While weight is one way to measure your body composition, another way is through how you feel about your reflection and how snug or lose your clothes feel on you. Take Assessment HelpGuide is user supported. The average person gains one to two pounds 0. Some examples:. Everyone should consult their nutritionist as people have varied demands for carbs and overall calories. Jared Leto piled on an extra 67 pounds to resemble his character in the film Chapter |
| Understanding the increased risks to your health | Your body weight fluctuates frequently. Sometimes over a day or a week. In fact, over a few days, a typical adult can lose or gain two to eight kilos. Weight fluctuation follows a weekly pattern, with higher numbers on the scale at the start of the week and lower values at the end. This weight fluctuation makes one perplexed, whether it is normal or not. However, studies prove that weight fluctuation is normal under certain circumstances. Weight varies up to 2. It boils down to what you eat, drink, and how much you exercise and sleep. Sometimes the increase in weight is standard after a heavy, delicious meal. But also, there are known and unknown factors that could influence your weight fluctuations. For example, one may also see a drop in weight after vigorous exercise. That is logical. However, numerous more elements affect your weight daily such as water weight. There are ways to manage healthy body weight. For example, lead an active lifestyle with a dietary intake of healthy foods and vegetables, have magnesium-rich foods, and keep it under control. Some magnesium-rich foods are grains, nuts, legumes, fish and leafy greens. Weight loss and weight gain over a long time are body-weight fluctuations. According to some studies , weight swings are common due to many physiological systems, including hormones and binge eating. Consult your doctor if you are rapidly gaining or losing weight. Many factors play a role in weight fluctuation. These factors influence whether your weight rises or falls. If you consume high salt and carbs, your body may retain water. As a result, your weight rises until the bloat subsides. You can prevent water retention by eliminating sugary drinks and processed foods. In addition, increasing the amount of potassium and magnesium in your diet can help you maintain a healthy sodium balance. Several studies show a high-sodium diet makes you drink less water and feel more hungry, which leads to overeating and weight gain. Generally, high amounts of sodium are in ultra-processed foods. Therefore, salt-rich diets also indirectly cause weight gain. Highly processed foods are less filling, leading to an increase in calorie consumption and weight gain. Inversely, stopping high sodium foods for a couple of days will register a downward shift in your weight. However, suppose you go back to the high sodium diet. In that case, you will regain your average weight in days. However, you must monitor your increased salt intake to ensure that your diet does not become too salty. Most of the high salt intake comes from eating highly processed foods. Excessive salt consumption can affect your overall health and raise your risk of having a medical condition such as heart disease. To keep your sodium consumption in check, limit your intake of high-salt foods and reduce your table salt use when cooking at home. In addition, to counter the effect of high sodium foods, you must increase the intake of potassium-rich foods. Carbohydrates carbs can be perplexing. Sources indicate that eating carbohydrates can induce weight gain and inhibit weight loss, while others claim that carbohydrates are necessary. Despite contradicting advice, carbs do not cause weight gain; excess calories do. A gram of carbohydrate contains four calories for your body. If you consume more calories than your body requires, any macronutrient, carbohydrates, protein, or fat, gain weight. Maintaining a healthy body weight necessitates regular exercise. The primary function of carbohydrates in our bodies is to provide energy. In addition, the body stores carbohydrates in your muscle and liver cells as glycogen. When you eat carbs, your blood sugar and insulin levels rise. Therefore, you need to burn calories and reduce them, not carb intake. However, people lose weight on low-carb diets because the reduction in carbs leads to a reduction in total calories. How much carbs you should consume is a subjective question. Everyone should consult their nutritionist as people have varied demands for carbs and overall calories. So there is no one-size-fits-all answer to this subject. Carbohydrates are not all created equal; some have more sugar, while others have more vitamins, minerals, and fibre think simple vs complex. So this also needs to be taken into consideration. Foods and beverages all seem to weigh, regardless of their caloric content. Water has weight; drinking an 8-ounce glass will add weight to your body. The same goes for salad vegetables. Healthy meals and water travel through your body rapidly. Thus, eating a well-balanced diet can reduce fluctuations. Carbohydrates, salt, and fat-rich foods take longer to digest and evacuate through the waste system. Weight and health are affected by the calories you consume and the number of calories you consume each day. Food can keep you healthy or cause you to become overweight or obese. According to experts , drinking two cups of water from beverages or food or alcohol adds one pound to your weight. Furthermore, waste products are filtered and excreted through stool and urine. It is the natural and scientific mechanism of the body to excrete the remainder, which includes mucus, some fluids, sweat, urine, and stool. According to medical experts, bowel movements have nothing to do with weight loss. Instead, a person should eat a balanced diet high in fibre. According to research , fibre-rich diets are beneficial for long-term weight loss. When a person has a bowel movement, they may lose some weight. The amount of weight varies by person, but it is not significant. Gas is released while the body passes faeces. Many factors affect weight regardless of what you eat. Weight loss is just transient when you have a bowel movement. Also, eating more food will progressively replenish the waste materials that leave the body in the stool. You can achieve weight loss by expending energy through burning calories. On the other hand, water has no calories, and it will not make you gain weight. Research says that the pounds will quickly disappear if you continue the exercise. Initially, people who have begun exercising may notice weight swings as their bodies grow muscles and alter their water production to meet the increased physical demand. However, your muscles will become more acclimated to the workout and more efficient. As a result, they require less glycogen to maintain the same energy output. As a result, your water retention decreases, and your weight decreases. Some drugs can promote weight gain in some people. If you are healthy, gaining a few pounds may not be significant. However, weight gain may be a more critical issue if you are currently overweight. Weight gain caused by medications is not unusual, especially with specific drugs. For example, many steroids might cause weight gain. How do risk factors work together? Mediators, moderators, and independent, overlapping, and proxy risk factors. Am J Psychiatry. Zhang H, Tamakoshi K, Yatsuya H, Murata C, Wada K, Otsuka R, et al. Long-term body weight fluctuation is associated with metabolic syndrome independent of current body mass index among Japanese men. Circ J. Bangalore S, Fayyad R, Laskey R, DeMicco DA, Messerli FH, Waters DD. Body-weight fluctuations and outcomes in coronary disease. N Engl J Med. Oh T, Moon J, Choi S, Lim S, Park K, Cho N, et al. Body-weight fluctuation and incident diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and mortality: a Year Prospective cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Zou H, Yin P, Liu L, Liu W, Zhang Z, Yang Y, et al. Body-weight fluctuation was associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Endocrinol. Hong AR, Lim S. Clinical characteristics of metabolic syndrome in Korea, and its comparison with other Asian countries. J Diabetes Investig. Kim Y, Han B-G, Group K. Cohort profile: the Korean genome and epidemiology study KoGES consortium. Int J Epidemiol. Mehta T, Smith DL Jr, Muhammad J, Casazza K. Impact of weight cycling on risk of morbidity and mortality. Lee JS, Kawakubo K, Kobayashi Y, Mori K, Kasihara H, Tamura M. Effects of ten year body weight variability on cardiovascular risk factors in Japanese middle-aged men and women. Int J Obes. Anastasiou CA, Yannakoulia M, Pirogianni V, Rapti G, Sidossis LS, Kavouras SA. Fitness and weight cycling in relation to body fat and insulin sensitivity in normal-weight young women. J Am Dietetic Assoc. Cereda E, Malavazos AE, Caccialanza R, Rondanelli M, Fatati G, Barichella M. Weight cycling is associated with body weight excess and abdominal fat accumulation: a cross-sectional study. Clin Nutr. Koh-Banerjee P, Wang Y, Hu F, Spiegelman D, Willett W, Rimm E. Changes in body weight and body fat distribution as risk factors for clinical diabetes in US men. Am J Epidemiol. Rhee E, Cho JH, Kwon H, Park SE, Park CY, Oh KW, et al. Increased risk of diabetes development in individuals with weight cycling over 4 years: The Kangbuk Samsung Health study. Diabetes Res Clin Pr. Dulloo AG, Montani JP. Pathways from dieting to weight regain, to obesity and to the metabolic syndrome: an overview. Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, Joseph L, Pilote L, Poirier P, et al. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. Bosy-Westphal A, Kahlhöfer J, Lagerpusch M, Skurk T, Müller M. Deep body composition phenotyping during weight cycling: relevance to metabolic efficiency and metabolic risk. Alibhai SM, Greenwood C, Payette H. An approach to the management of unintentional weight loss in elderly people. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic: WHO technical report series no. Geneva: World Health Organization; Google Scholar. WHO expert consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Shiwaku K, Anuurad E, Enkhmaa B, Nogi A, Kitajima K, Shimono K, et al. Overweight Japanese with body mass indexes of 23·0 to 24·9 have higher risks for obesity-associated disorders: a comparison of Japanese and Mongolians. Expert Panel on Detection E. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program NCEP expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults Adult Treatment Panel III. Dekker FW, De Mutsert R, Van Dijk PC, Zoccali C, Jager KJ. Survival analysis: time-dependent effects and time-varying risk factors. Kidney Int. Lim U, Ernst T, Buchthal S, Latch M, Albright C, Wilkens L, et al. Asian women have greater abdominal and visceral adiposity than Caucasian women with similar body mass index. Nutr Diabetes. Vergnaud A-C, Bertrais S, Oppert J-M, Maillard-Teyssier L, Galan P, Hercberg S, et al. Weight fluctuations and risk for metabolic syndrome in an adult cohort. Prentice A, Caballero B. Allen L. Encyclopedia of human nutrition: Academic Press; Arts EE, Fransen J, Den Broeder AA, van Riel PL, Popa CD. Ann Rheum Dis. Dulloo AG, Jacquet J, Montani JP, Schutz Y. How dieting makes the lean fatter: from a perspective of body composition autoregulation through adipostats and proteinstats awaiting discovery. Bosy-Westphal A, Schautz B, Lagerpusch M, Pourhassan M, Braun W, Goele K, et al. Effect of weight loss and regain on adipose tissue distribution, composition of lean mass and resting energy expenditure in young overweight and obese adults. Strychar I, Lavoie M-È, Messier L, Karelis AD, Doucet É, Prud'Homme D, et al. J Am Diet Assoc. Alberti KGM, Zimmet P, Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome—a new worldwide definition. So ES. Waist circumference and health-related quality of life by sex in the Korean elderly. J Aging Health. Stevens J, Katz EG, Huxley RR. Associations between gender, age and waist circumference. Eur J Clin Nutr. Flannelly KJ, Jankowski KR. Research designs and making causal inferences from health care studies. J Health Care Chaplain. Download references. The data for this work were provided by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention KCDC. This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea NRF grant funded by the Korea government MSIT No. Department of Nursing, Chungwoon University, 25 Daehak-gil, Hongseong-eup, Hongseong, , Republic of Korea. College of Nursing, Jeonbuk National University, Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, , Republic of Korea. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. ES planned the design of this study and carried out the statistical analysis and ES and YR wrote the present manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Eun Sun So. The KoGES study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the KCDC, and all study participants submitted written informed consent. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and permissions. Chin, Y. The effects of weight fluctuation on the components of metabolic syndrome: a year prospective cohort study in South Korea. Arch Public Health 79 , 21 Download citation. Received : 05 July Accepted : 02 February Published : 18 February Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Download ePub. Abstract Background Weight fluctuation WF is highly prevalent in parallel with the high prevalence of intentional or unintentional dieting. Methods This study analyzed secondary data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, a year prospective cohort study, on individuals using time-dependent Cox regression. Results WF did not increase the risk of MS in either normal-weight or obese subjects. Conclusion Since WF was found to be a risk factor for abdominal obesity, which is the most reliable predictor of MS, it should be considered when addressing weight control. Methods Study data and quality control This study used secondary prospective cohort data from the KoGES Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study [ 10 ], conducted by the National Institute of Health of the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention KCDC. Flowchart of study population: a year prospective prospective cohort study in South Korea. Full size image. Results The baseline sociodemographic, health behavioral, and physiological data of the study subjects are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Table 2 MS characteristics at baseline and weight fluctuation: a year prospective cohort study in South Korea mean ± SD Full size table. Table 3 Time-varying Cox proportional hazards models of weight change for metabolic syndrome: a year prospective cohort study in South Korea Full size table. Table 4 Time-varying Cox proportional hazards models of weight change for metabolic syndrome components after adjusting for covariates: a year prospective cohort study in South Korea Full size table. Discussion This study found that WF had no statistically significant effect of MS in either normal-weight or obese individuals. Conclusion In a year cohort study, the relationship between WF and MS, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, was not significant in either normal-weight or obese individuals. Abbreviations WF: Weight fluctuation MS: Metabolic syndrome HR: Hazard ratio CI: Confidence interval. References Montani JP, Schutz Y, Dulloo AG. Article Google Scholar Lowe M. Article Google Scholar Rosenbaum M, Kissileff HR, Mayer LE, Hirsch J, Leibel RL. Article CAS Google Scholar Kraemer HC, Stice E, Kazdin A, Offord D, Kupfer D. Article CAS Google Scholar Zhang H, Tamakoshi K, Yatsuya H, Murata C, Wada K, Otsuka R, et al. Article Google Scholar Bangalore S, Fayyad R, Laskey R, DeMicco DA, Messerli FH, Waters DD. Article Google Scholar Oh T, Moon J, Choi S, Lim S, Park K, Cho N, et al. Article Google Scholar Zou H, Yin P, Liu L, Liu W, Zhang Z, Yang Y, et al. Article Google Scholar Hong AR, Lim S. Article CAS Google Scholar Kim Y, Han B-G, Group K. Article Google Scholar Mehta T, Smith DL Jr, Muhammad J, Casazza K. Article CAS Google Scholar Lee JS, Kawakubo K, Kobayashi Y, Mori K, Kasihara H, Tamura M. Article CAS Google Scholar Anastasiou CA, Yannakoulia M, Pirogianni V, Rapti G, Sidossis LS, Kavouras SA. Article Google Scholar Cereda E, Malavazos AE, Caccialanza R, Rondanelli M, Fatati G, Barichella M. Article Google Scholar Koh-Banerjee P, Wang Y, Hu F, Spiegelman D, Willett W, Rimm E. Article Google Scholar Rhee E, Cho JH, Kwon H, Park SE, Park CY, Oh KW, et al. Article Google Scholar Dulloo AG, Montani JP. Article Google Scholar Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, Joseph L, Pilote L, Poirier P, et al. Article Google Scholar Bosy-Westphal A, Kahlhöfer J, Lagerpusch M, Skurk T, Müller M. Article Google Scholar Alibhai SM, Greenwood C, Payette H. |
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Surprising Discovery: How Your Body Weight Can Affect Your Height!Dangers of extreme weight fluctuations -
You may notice that your base weight is a bit higher than normal on the first day of your period. Your daily weight should go back to average within a few days of your cycle beginning.
It also slows the digestion of other substances, which can lead to water retention. Beyond that, alcohol contains extra calories that you may not be accounting for in your overall diet.
You may also pay less attention to your overall calorie intake while drinking alcoholic beverages. Your weight may go up or down due to a bout of illness, like the flu, or as a result of a chronic condition. They can determine whether your symptoms are related to an underlying condition and advise you on next steps.
Be consistent when you weigh yourself. Your lowest weight of the day will be after you wake up and empty your bladder. You may choose to weigh yourself at another time of day, but you must continue to weigh yourself at that time on the same scale for an accurate measurement.
You may want to weigh yourself in the morning, in the middle of the day, and at night to get a sense of your weight fluctuation. You will lose weight by expending more calories than you consume.
Losing a small amount of weight will likely require just a bit more restraint than usual. Cutting out extra snacks or reducing your portion size may help you lose a few pounds within the next week or two. You can use your daily base weight to help measure any amount of weight loss. One study suggests that daily weigh-ins can contribute to significant weight loss.
The study also factored in exercise and diet. Make sure you keep in mind that you need to burn more energy, consume less energy calories , or do a combination of both to lose weight. Generally speaking, losing 1 to 2 pounds a week is considered a healthy approach.
Determining your base weight by keeping things consistent is key. Here are a few tips for measuring your daily weight:. Weigh yourself with a scale that you know is accurate, and use the same scale every day.
Make sure the scale is on a flat, hard surface to avoid inaccurate readings. Try to weigh yourself at the same time every day. Try to weigh yourself without clothes or with just undergarments. The weight of your clothing can vary, affecting the number on the scale.
There are more ways than the scale to measure your body composition and overall weight. The ways your clothes fit on you may help you assess weight fluctuation.
Measuring the size of your waist, arms, and other areas can also show you how your body is changing. For example, you can measure your fitness level by tracking your heart rate while at rest and when engaging in aerobic activity. Counting your repetitions can help assess your strength, and testing your limits in certain stretches can help measure your flexibility.
But if your weight fluctuates more than 6 pounds in either direction within a six-month time frame, see a doctor or other healthcare professional. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.
Consistency is the key to accurate weight measurement. Choose a time of day and always weigh yourself at that time. Wear nothing or the same articles….
Many experts recommend weighing daily when dieting, but that may be too often for some people. If weighing daily is discouraging or leads to unhealthy….
The average person gains one to two pounds 0. Here are 20 little things that are making you gain fat. Male body types are often divided into three types, determined by factors like limb proportions, weight, height, and body fat distribution.
You can easily estimate your basal metabolic rate using the Mifflin-St. Jeor equation — or by using our quick calculator. Here's how.
Many think the pear body shape is healthier than the apple body shape. This article explains the pear and apple body shapes, the research behind them…. Researchers say the type 2 diabetes drug semaglutide can help people lose weight by decreasing appetite and energy intake. Critics say BMI isn't a good measurement for women or People of Color.
Others say it can be used as a starting point for health assessments. Body mass index BMI is a tool to track obesity and health. But it may not be an accurate indicator for many people. A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic?
How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Is Weight Fluctuation Normal? Medically reviewed by Daniel Bubnis, M. Daily diet Water retention Dietary weight Urine and stool weight Other factors When to weigh How to weigh Takeaway Daily weight fluctuation is normal. Sodium and carbs cause water retention.
This process was thoroughly managed through the following separate processes 1 integration of collected data, 2 initial quality control, 3 data cleaning for single variables, 4 data cleaning for related variables, and 5 statistical quality control.
Subjects with MS-related diseases, cardiovascular diseases, or cancer were excluded to determine more precisely the association between WF and incident MS or its components and to exclude patients with factors known to be associated with unintentional weight loss [ 20 ].
Underweight participants were excluded because they comprised an insufficient sample size. We classified the participants into two groups—non-obese and obese—according to their obesity status in the final analysis Fig.
The KoGES study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the KCDC, and all study participants submitted written informed consent before enrollment.
Participants voluntarily completed a self-administered questionnaire, which included questions on their previous medical history and health-related behavior.
Anthropometric measurements and laboratory tests were conducted as part of a general health check-up, and participants were informed of the results.
This research was approved by the institutional review board of Jeonbuk National University JBNU We sent our research plan and IRB approval from our affiliated institution to the KCDC, and pledged to use the data appropriately. After that, the raw data were downloaded from the website.
We calculated WF including the body-weight values from baseline to just before the event MS was captured.
A larger WF means a larger weight change during the cohort data collection period. Body weight and height were measured to the nearest 0. The criteria described are widely used in Korea and Japan to compensate for the problem that the universal standard proposed by the World Health Organization [ 21 ] is not suitable for Asians [ 22 , 23 ].
There are no existing findings regarding body-weight fluctuation and mortality in Asian populations [ 7 ], and to the best of our knowledge, there is no standard of obesity generally recognized to be suitable for Asians.
The dependent variables included MS and its five components. Waist circumference was measured midway between the inferior margin of the last rib and the crest of the ilium in a horizontal plane with units of 0.
Comparisons between the normal BMI group and obese BMI group were performed using the Student t-test for continuous variables, and the chi-square test for categorical variables.
Kaplan-Meier curves were used to calculate cumulative MS incidence rates according to obesity status, and the statistical significance of differences was compared using the log-rank test.
The models were adjusted for sociodemographic and health behavioral variables. All analyses were performed with SAS software, version 9. The baseline sociodemographic, health behavioral, and physiological data of the study subjects are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Of a total of subjects, Overall i.
The obese group showed statistically significantly higher proportions of female subjects No significant differences in marital status or age between groups were observed. The normal and obese groups had mean BMIs of The Kaplan-Meier curves illustrate the trend of risk for MS according to BMI groups.
As shown in Tables 3 and 4 , time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to investigate the association between WF and the risk of MS and its components.
After adjusting for age, sex, education, marital status, monthly income, drinking status, and smoking status, a greater magnitude of WF did not increase the risk of incident MS, regardless of baseline obesity status.
In addition, in the normal-weight group, older age at baseline, lower education, lower income, and current smoking were associated with a higher risk of MS.
In the obese group, older age, male sex, lower education, lower income, and current smoking were associated with a higher risk of MS. Kaplan—Meier curves for the risk of metabolic syndrome: a year prospective prospective cohort study in South Korea. It did not increase the risk of hyperglycemia, low HDL-C levels, elevated BP, or raised fasting glucose in the normal-weight group, and it did not influence any of the MS components in the obese group.
This study found that WF had no statistically significant effect of MS in either normal-weight or obese individuals.
Furthermore, with regard to the components of MS, WF significantly increased only the risk of abdominal obesity and did not increase the risk of hyperglycemia, low HDL-C levels, elevated BP, and raised fasting glucose in the normal-weight group, and it did not influence any of the components of MS in the obese group.
A multiethnic cohort study reported that Japanese American women had greater abdominal and visceral adiposity than Caucasian women with similar BMI [ 26 ].
The researchers suggested that even with the same BMI, management strategies should be more sensitive in Asian women, and that interventions should start at a lower BMI.
Among Japanese men, long-term WF was associated with MS independent of current BMI [ 5 ]. The finding that only abdominal obesity was significant in our study could be considered in light of the finding of greater abdominal adiposity in Japanese American women, given the geographic proximity of South Korea to Japan.
The findings of previous studies on the relationship between WF and MS are sparse and inconsistent, which has made this relationship a topic of ongoing interest. Some previous studies suggested that WF increased the risks of MS [ 5 , 27 ], while others did not [ 1 , 2 ].
The comparability of the results of the latter two studies is also limited due to differences in how WF was defined in terms of length, amplitude, and frequency [ 1 , 11 ]. Intermittent weight measurements may conceal a number of unmeasured fluctuations in the interim, potentially underestimating the influence of WF on the risk of MS [ 1 , 28 ].
At the same time, those studies counted consecutive weight loss or weight gain once, rather than separately, as weight change; since the amplitude of WF has a greater impact than its frequency on the risk of MS [ 12 , 27 ], defining weight change in this way may have led to an overestimation of MS risk.
Although most studies related to WF have used the term WF interchangeably with weight change, weight cycling, and yo-yo dieting, the definitions of these terms should be clearly distinguished. Weight change means either an increase or decrease in weight, weight cycling and yo-yo dieting refer to intentional weight loss followed by unintentional weight regain [ 1 , 11 ], and WF refers to successive episodes of weight change, especially continuous episodes of weight change in any direction, even including successive weight loss or weight gain.
This definition of WF was applied in the present study, as distinct from the other similar definitions. Furthermore, to minimize the impact of making WF measurements at varying intervals, time-dependent Cox regression analysis was conducted in this study, because this technique is well suited to represent WF and helps avoid bias introduced by analyzing time course variables in combination with survival time [ 25 , 29 ].
Regarding the associations of WF with MS components, this study found that WF increased the risk of abdominal obesity in the normal-weight group, but not in the obese group.
This finding is consistent with previous findings that WF showed a valid relationship with MS in those who were lean, but that conflicting results were found in those who were obese [ 11 , 17 , 19 ].
This is reasonable because it is likely that obese individuals are more likely to already have abdominal obesity, thereby leading to an underestimation of the effects of WF on abdominal obesity in this group. Furthermore, it was demonstrated in this study that older age affected the risk of MS, in accordance with previous proposals that age-related changes, including weight gain after weight loss, increases in fat, and changes in the distribution of fat in the body such as increased fat accumulation in the trunk in men and in the limbs in women , can be explained through both metabolic routes e.
Since waist circumference has been identified to be a good predictor of various health outcomes, including MS [ 33 , 34 ], and Asians including Koreans have more visceral fat tissue at specific levels of obesity than other races [ 34 , 35 ], the effect of WF on abdominal obesity should be noted.
However, in this study, associations were not found between WF and hyperglycemia, low HDL-C levels, elevated BP, or raised fasting glucose. This may have led to an underestimation of the risk of WF on the health outcomes analyzed in this study [ 1 , 28 ].
However, a previous study demonstrated that the amplitude of WF was more closely associated with the risk of MS than its interval [ 27 ].
However, this study also has important strengths. First, a large and representative national Asian study population was used. Second, a longitudinal method, which is suitable for identifying cause-and-effect relationships [ 36 ], was used. Finally, we made a novel contribution by attempting to analyze WF based on a careful definition of WF that differentiated it from other similar terms.
The definition of WF and the statistical methods deployed herein could be used in other studies. We used BMI as an indicator of obesity.
However, it has been proposed that waist circumference, as an indicator of fat distribution, may be a more accurate criterion for Asians.
Therefore, future studies should also analyze waist circumference. In a year cohort study, the relationship between WF and MS, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, was not significant in either normal-weight or obese individuals.
Only abdominal obesity in normal-weight individuals was affected by WF. Since WF slightly affected the abdominal obesity of normal-weight individuals, health care personnel should pay attention to WF when working towards weight control in patients with a normal weight.
In other words, we should focus on whether patients are losing enough weight to maintain a healthy weight, rather than losing excessive weight. Furthermore, no single clear criterion is widely accepted for obesity or WF, so it may be necessary to repeat this research using other criteria than BMI.
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