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How To Treat Hemorrhoids - 9 Natural Treatments (Plant Flavonoids) for Hemorrhoidal DiseaseFlavonoids in herbal medicine -
those that are intermediate steps vs. end products Molecular size ie. mono, di, tri, and polymeric structures Conjugates ie. whether bound to a sugar unit or hydroxyl group Their major role in plants is to function as growth regulators, and protect the plant from UV radiation by scavenging free radicals produced by the photosynthetic electron transport system.
Condensed tannins In the body they have a wide range of actions and many medicinal uses. Hawthorne Calendula off. A place for all things herbal medicine Created and maintained with love by Dr.
Marisa Marciano, ND. Donations Donations. Get my new book here! The 2nd Edition of my herbal reference is here! Subscribe Subscribed. Sign me up. Already have a WordPress. com account? Log in now. has been developed as Danhong injection, safflower injection and other preparations for the treatment of coronary heart disease and angina pectoris.
Hydroxysafflor yellow A is an important active component of C. tinctorius L Xue et al. In recent years, hydroxysafflor yellow A has been shown to protect endothelial cells by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis.
First, Ji et al. This phenomenon was further illustrated in the experiments of Xie et al. Meanwhile, hydroxysafflor yellow A reduced ROS generation and restored intracellular redox balance by increasing intracellular superoxide dismutase SOD in H 2 O 2 -induced HUVECs Xie et al.
In addition, in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs, hydroxysafflor yellow A could upregulate VDAC2 or inhibit apoptosis through AMPK signaling, in which VDAC2 could exert an anti-apoptotic effect by interfering with Bak-mediated apoptosis Ye et al.
Genistein is a natural isoflavone first obtained from Genista tinctoria L. It is mainly derived from Euchresta japonica Hook. ex Regel, Sophora japonica L. and so on. Currently, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile and other organic solvents are used to extract genistein.
Meanwhile, the chemical synthesis of genistein is simple and feasible Spagnuolo et al. The structure of genistein is similar to that of endogenous estrogen, so it can bind to estrogen receptors and exert estrogen-like effects after being absorbed by the body.
In addition, as a typical flavonoid, it is connected with multiple hydroxyl groups on the phenyl ring, which makes it have excellent antioxidant effects and can be applied to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, depression and other diseases Borrás et al.
In endothelial dysfunction, genistein can effectively inhibit ROS and malondialdehyde MDA in cells, and restore the four oxidoreductases activities including superoxide dismutase SOD , catalase CAT , glutathione GSH and glutathione peroxidase GPx.
In this way, the redox balance of endothelial cells is maintained Zhang et al. Genistein can downregulate the expression of MiRa in ox-LDL-induced HUVES, thereby promoting the expression of sirtuin In addition, sirtuin-1 is known to exert antioxidant activity by activating fxo3a in previous studies.
However, after genistein treatment, the expression of fxo3a was significantly increased Zhang et al. Baicalein, also known as 5, 6, 7-trihydroxyflavone, is a well-recognized natural flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
Baicalein is the most abundant component in the root of Scutellaria baicalensis S. baicalensis Georgi, a traditional Chinese medicine also known as Huangqin in Chinese Huang et al. In a previous study, it was shown that baicalein inhibited IL-1β-induced ICAM-1 expression in HUVECs, suggesting that baicalein could protect endothelial cell function Kimura et al.
In a recent study, ox-LDL was used to induce apoptosis in HUVECs and baicalein was preincubated before induction. It was showed that baicalein effectively inhibited the generation of intracellular ROS and the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria, and increased mitochondrial membrane potential.
The expression of pro-apoptotic protein BAX was downregulated, while the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was upregulated. In addition, the bioavailability of NO was also improved Chan et al.
Subsequently, it was also shown that baicalein pretreatment could inhibit the binding ability of ox-LDL by reducing the expression of LOX-1, thereby inhibiting the generation of ROS. In addition, baicalein inhibited the protein expression of NADPH oxidase and increased the phosphorylation level of AMPK, thereby inhibiting the activation of protein kinase C PKC -α and PKC-β Tsai et al.
Luteolin is a common flavonoid, which is usually found in the form of glycosylated in celery, green pepper, Perilla frutescens L. Luteolin possesses the antioxidant properties, as well as anti-inflammatory ability. Therefore, it also has a good advantage in the treatment of AS Prasher et al.
Up to now, the antioxidant activity of luteolin has been fully confirmed. It can exert efficacy in all stages of AS, such as VSMC migration and proliferation, cell adhesion molecule secretion and endothelial cell dysfunction Luo et al.
When endothelial cells are dysfunctional, luteolin can inhibit the generation of intracellular ROS, while the phosphorylation of p38MAPK and nuclear translocation of NF-kB induced by ox-LDL are reversed. At the same time, the mRNA levels of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, selectin, MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 are also downregulated by luteolin Yi et al.
In another study, this conclusion was further developed. Ultimately, luteolin restored the redox balance in endothelial cells, that is, the contents of GSH and SOD were restored and LDH was decreased Xia et al.
Erigeron breviscapus Vant. The modern pharmacological studies have shown that the main active substance is scutellarin. Previous studies have found that scutellarin not only prevents cerebral ischemia by inhibiting inflammatory response, but also improves liver damage by inhibiting oxidative stress Yuan et al.
In addition, scutellarin also plays a role in endothelial dysfunction through its antioxidant effect in AS. Scutellarin scavenged excess ROS and increased the bioavailability of NO in HAECs induced by either angiotensin II or H 2 O 2. The contents of oxidoreductases, including SOD, GPx, CAT and Nox, could be restored to varying degrees after treatment with scutellarin.
After treating with scutellarin, the mRNA levels of mammalian sterilelike kinases 1 Mst1 , Yes-associated protein YAP and FOXO3A were significantly downregulated, as well as the protein levels of p-Mst1, p-YAP and nuclear translocation of FOXO3A.
The specific indicators are referred to Table 1. TABLE 1. Natural flavonoids derived from herbal medicines are potential anti-AS agents by inhibiting oxidative stress in endothelial cells.
et Kir. In nature, acacetin mostly exists in the form of free or glycosides, and has pharmacological activities on cancer, obesity, diabetes, etc Wu et al. In recent years, acacetin has been found to have a protective effect on endothelial dysfunction in AS, which has attracted extensive attention from the scientific community.
In vivo study believed that acacetin significantly accelerated lipid metabolism in AS mice and reduced the levels of inflammatory factors in plasma Han et al. In vitro experiment confirmed that acacetin could protect mitochondrial function, reverse mitochondrial depolarization, and inhibit the excessive production of ROS and MDA in HUVECs induced by high glucose.
In addition, the study has shown that acacetin may restore the antioxidant function of endothelial cells by promoting the phosphorylation of Nrf2, the degradation of Keap1 and the expression of methionine sulfite reductase Wu et al. Artemisia princeps Pampanini has been widely used as a medicinal plant in Asia over the last thousands of years.
In modern times, due to the rapid development of modern pharmacology, eupatilin has been found to have a wider range of pharmacological activities Lim et al.
For example, eupatilin has therapeutic potential in diseases such as oncology, allergy, and inflammation Park, ; Jeong et al.
In AS, eupatilin has been shown to inhibit the proliferation and migration of human aortic smooth muscle cells. The oxidative stress as well as inflammatory responses occurring in endothelial cells could also be inhibited by eupatilin.
In addition, Yu et al. has been confirmed that eupatilin could effectively reduce the ROS content in TNF-α-induced HUVECs, inhibit the expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, and thus reduce the adhesion ability of U cells to endothelial cells.
The mechanism by which eupatilin exerted its therapeutic effect was closely related to MAPK-NF-ĸB. The phosphorylation of NF-kB p65 and MAPK was significantly inhibited by eupatilin. From the foregoing, it is known that the preceding flavonoid compounds can protect the cells from oxidative stress damage by restoring the antioxidant capacity of endothelial cells.
However, glabridin extracted from the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra licorice could attenuate the oxidative stress injury to endothelial cells by inhibiting the oxidative sensitivity of LDL.
However, the degree of LDL oxidation was significantly reduced after glabridin treatment, and glabridin inhibited the formation of lipid peroxides and cholesterol linoleic acid hydroperoxides CLOOH Belinky et al.
This protective effect of glabridin provides a novel form of protection for flavonoids. The protective effects of other flavonoid compounds on endothelial cells are shown in Table 1. In this review, we summarized the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction in AS, and then selected representative flavonoids with anti-oxidative stress effects for relevant elaboration.
After summarizing, we have found that flavonoids from natural herbal medicines not only inhibit oxidative stress, but also have anti-inflammatory and anti-adhesion effects in the treatment of endothelial dysfunction.
This result is consistent with the multi-level and multi-target advantages of traditional Chinese medicine. In modern clinical practice, it has been demonstrated that flavonoids can be used to reduce the incidence of AS. First of all, epidemiological investigations have shown that increasing the intake of flavonoids in daily diet can effectively reduce the risk of AS Lagiou et al.
Subsequently, more and more evidence has shown that the intake anthocyanins, tea the main components are flavanols , etc. However, after in-depth understanding, flavonoids from natural herbal medicines also have certain limitations and problems that need to be solved urgently.
Firstly, most of the models used in the existing studies are in vitro models. Flavonoids have been shown to exert protective effects on endothelial cells in experiments, but it is not clear whether this protective effect will change with the transformation of drug structure due to complex changes after drug entry into the body.
Secondly, although some researchers have confirmed the protective effect of flavonoids on AS from in vivo and in vitro experiments, there is no relevant clinical data to support. At the same time, the toxicity and safety of drugs are also essential before the development of drugs.
The oncogenic activity of quercetin remains controversial. However, it is generally believed that quercetin is safe when used under the intended conditions, and caution should be taken when taking quercetin in high doses or for a long time.
Therefore, the safety and toxicity of flavonoids should be considered before they are used in clinical practice, and more work needs to be done.
Finally, because the flavonoid compounds have more phenolic hydroxyl groups in their structure, it makes their structure unstable. Therefore, it is necessary to consider how to solve the problem of drug stability before developing flavonoid compounds into drugs.
Looking at the existing flavonoid drug development, it can be found that the research on the treatment of endothelial dysfunction in AS is still relatively basic, and has not yet considered what kind of preparation the flavonoid is made into, or how it is administered.
The development of flavonoids into modern formulations such as nanoparticles may change the instability of the compounds, which can also become the future development direction of flavonoids for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction.
In summary, flavonoid compounds hold great promise in the treatment of endothelial dysfunction in AS, but further exploration is needed. All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation.
R-LL and L-YW took part in drafting, revising and critically reviewing the article; H-XD, DQ, and QZ gave final approval of the version to be published; L-SH and X-PL have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
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The term flavonoid describes Healthy food choices polyphenolic plant constituents that have a carbon skeleton analogous hernal that of the flavones -that is, two Flavonoods benzene rings connected mediine Flavonoids in herbal medicine medicne. All of Healthy food choices approximately flavonoids Fkavonoids have been Body composition and body image possess this same basic structural makeup. The are water soluble and occur both in free state and as glycosides. Their major role in plants is to function as growth regulators, and protect the plant from UV radiation by scavenging free radicals produced by the photosynthetic electron transport system. In the body they have a wide range of actions and many medicinal uses. Additionally they will strengthen vascular capillaries to prevent leakage of body fluids into surrounding tissues, and some will have phytoestrogenic, and liver-protective activity. Chinese Medicine Flavonokds 7Article meicine 26 Cite this article. Metrics Hydration guidelines for exercise. This study aims to determine the relationship herba, the antioxidant and Healthy food choices activities of the thirteen herbs meficine two fungi extracts, and their Flavonoiss phenolic and Flavonoids in herbal medicine contents. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by four assays: an antioxidant activity assay using Saccharomyces cerevisiaea DPPH 2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl assay to assess free radical scavenging, an assay assessing ferrous ions or iron II chelating ability, and a ferric reducing antioxidant power FRAP assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. Anti-inflammatory activities were determined by measuring the inhibition of nitric oxide and TNF-α production in lipopolysaccharide- and interferon-γ-activated JA.
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