Waist circumference and metabolic syndrome -
It includes a group of metabolic disorders that increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as overweight and obesity, elevated lipid profile and blood pressure and insulin resistance IR. Based on the information mentioned above in which there seems to be a relationship between IR and Met-S, the objective of this work was twofold: on the one hand, to assess the relationship between the values of different insulin resistance risk scales and Met-S determined with three different scales, and on the other, to determine whether any of the components of Met-S predispose more to the appearance of IR.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study of , workers. Waist circumference was measured and evaluated together with six formulas to assess the insulin resistance index. Categorical variables were evaluated by calculating the frequency and distribution of each one. For quantitative variables, mean and standard deviation were determined, and Student's t-test was applied, while for qualitative variables, the chi-square test was performed.
The usefulness of the different risk scales for insulin resistance for predicting metabolic syndrome was evaluated using ROC curves, the area under the curve AUC , as well as their cut-off points for sensitivity, specificity, and the Youden index.
Results: People with metabolic syndrome applying any criteria had higher values in the IR risk scales. Transl Res.
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Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. Keywords : metabolic syndrome, waist-to-height ratio, type 2 diabetes mellitus, waist circumference, insulin resistance.
Citation: Ma Y-L, Jin C-H, Zhao C-C, Ke J-F, Wang J-W, Wang Y-J, Lu J-X, Huang G-Z and Li L-X Waist-to-height ratio is a simple and practical alternative to waist circumference to diagnose metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes. Received: 04 July ; Accepted: 20 October ; Published: 07 November Copyright © Ma, Jin, Zhao, Ke, Wang, Wang, Lu, Huang and Li.
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Check for updates. ORIGINAL RESEARCH article. Introduction Metabolic syndrome MetS , a cluster of metabolic disorders including central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and impaired glucose tolerance, refers to a pathological state in which the metabolism of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and other substances in the human body is disturbed 1.
Physical examination and laboratory tests Data on weight, height, waist circumference WC , hip circumference, systolic blood pressure SBP , and diastolic blood pressure DBP were collected as physical measurements.
Diagnostic criteria Given that all studied subjects were T2DM patients in the present study, MetS was diagnosed if a patients had any two to four components of MetS including elevated WC or WHtR, elevated TG, reduced HDL-C, and hypertension 16 , Statistical analysis SPSS Results Clinical characteristics of the subjects The clinical characteristics of the T2DM patients are manifested in Table 1.
Table 1. The clinical characteristics of the subjects. Table 2. The association of WHtR with MetS in T2DM patients. Table 3. The consistency of diagnosis of MetS according to WC and WHtR. x PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. CO;2-S CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar.
S PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. c PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Keywords : metabolic syndrome, waist-to-height ratio, type 2 diabetes mellitus, waist circumference, insulin resistance Citation: Ma Y-L, Jin C-H, Zhao C-C, Ke J-F, Wang J-W, Wang Y-J, Lu J-X, Huang G-Z and Li L-X Waist-to-height ratio is a simple and practical alternative to waist circumference to diagnose metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes.
Edited by: Abraham Wall-Medrano , Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Mexico.
Author Affiliations: Durand Stndrome of Buenos Aires Drs Hirschler and Jadzinsky and Annd Aranda and Maccalini and School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires Ms Aand Luján CalcagnoEndurance nutrition plans Emotional well-being and eating habits, Argentina. Objective To Metaboluc in children the association between waist circumference WC and insulin resistance determined by homeostasis modeling HOMA-IR and proinsulinemia and components of the metabolic syndrome, including lipid profile and blood pressure BP. Methods Eighty-four students 40 boys aged 6 to 13 years and matched for sex and age underwent anthropometric measurements; 40 were obese; 28, overweight; and 16, nonobese. Body mass index BMIWC, BP, and Tanner stage were determined. An oral glucose tolerance test, lipid profile, and insulin and proinsulin assays were performed. Syndroem Public Health volume circumferdnceArticle Educational sunflower seed kits Cite this Emotional well-being and eating habits. Metrics details. Abdominal obesity is a more circmuference risk cricumference than overall obesity in predicting the synxrome Chamomile Tea for Anxiety type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. From a preventive and public health point of view it is crucial that risk factors are identified at an early stage, in order to change and modify behaviour and lifestyle in high risk individuals. Data from a community based study was used to assess the risk for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men. The positive predictive value wasWaist circumference and metabolic syndrome -
Chronic stress may increase the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. It may also cause hormonal changes that contribute to accumulation of excess fat in the abdomen and cause the body to stop responding normally to insulin called insulin resistance , Chronic stress may cause levels of high-density lipoprotein HDL—the "good" cholesterol to decrease.
Abnormal levels of lipids such as a low level of HDL can increase the risk of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is more common among people who smoke than among people who do not. Smoking can increase triglyceride levels and decrease HDL levels.
See also Obesity Obesity Obesity is a chronic, recurring complex disorder characterized by excess body weight. Obesity is influenced by a combination of factors that includes genetics, hormones, behavior, and the environment Waist circumference should be measured in all people because even people who are not overweight or appear lean can store excess fat in the abdomen.
The greater the waist circumference, the higher the risk of metabolic syndrome and its complications. The waist circumference that increases risk of complications due to obesity varies by ethnic group and sex.
If waist circumference is high, doctors should measure blood pressure and blood sugar and fat levels after fasting. Levels of both blood sugar and fats are often abnormal.
Metabolic syndrome has many different definitions, but it is most often diagnosed when the waist circumference is 40 inches centimeters or more in men or 35 inches 88 centimeters or more in women indicating excess fat in the abdomen and when people have or are being treated for two or more of the following:.
Sometimes metformin or statins. The initial treatment of metabolic syndrome involves physical activity and a heart-healthy diet. Each part of metabolic syndrome should also be treated with medications if necessary.
If people have diabetes Diabetes Mellitus DM Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough or respond normally to insulin, causing blood sugar glucose levels to be abnormally high. Also, physical activity is important for people with diabetes because it enables the body to use blood sugar more efficiently and can often help lower the blood sugar level.
read more and abnormal fat levels in blood are also treated. Medications to lower blood pressure antihypertensives Medications for Treatment of High Blood Pressure High blood pressure is very common. It often does not cause symptoms; however, high blood pressure can increase the risk of stroke, heart attack, and heart failure.
Therefore, it is important read more are used if needed. read more statins. Obesity is treated with anti-obesity medications Medications Obesity is a chronic, recurring complex disorder characterized by excess body weight. read more , such as orlistat , phentermine , and liraglutide , and if needed, weight-loss metabolic and bariatric surgery Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Metabolic and bariatric weight-loss surgery alters the stomach, intestine, or both to produce weight loss in people have obesity or overweight and have metabolic disorders related to obesity Other risk factors for coronary artery disease Risk Factors Coronary artery disease is a condition in which the blood supply to the heart muscle is partially or completely blocked.
read more , if present, should be controlled. For example, smokers are advised to stop smoking. Ways to reduce stress which can increase the risk of metabolic syndrome include deep breathing exercises, meditation, psychologic support, and counseling. Learn more about the Merck Manuals and our commitment to Global Medical Knowledge.
Brought to you by About Merck Merck Careers Research Worldwide. Disclaimer Privacy Terms of use Contact Us Veterinary Edition. IN THIS TOPIC. OTHER TOPICS IN THIS CHAPTER. Metabolic Syndrome Syndrome X; Insulin Resistance Syndrome By Shauna M.
GET THE QUICK FACTS. Diagnosis Treatment. Most men. Waist circumference. Physical activity and a heart-healthy diet. Participants were selected from both urban and rural communities from eleven departments across the country, allowing the collection of data from a sample that represents A three-phase survey was applied, in which the first and second phases consisted of selecting the communities involved, and the third phase of selecting the homes included within those communities.
A community was defined as the geographical area where a group of people with common characteristics lived. We considered a home rural if it was located more than 50 km from an urban center. A home was selected if a family member was between the ages of 35—70 years old and if the individuals intended to stay in this household for the next 4 years.
Trained personnel made three attempts to contact a member of each household for door-to-door collection of information. We included all participants who completed and signed written consent. For each consenting participant, sociodemographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors were obtained.
Blood pressure, anthropometrics and handgrip strength were also measured. Triglycerides, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were estimated by enzymatic colorimetric method in an automatic analyzer Hitachi , Boehringer Mannheim and LDL-c was calculated.
For detecting dysglycemia, the enzymatic hexokinase method was applied to determine glucose levels in each sample. Individuals with a low educational level were those without schooling, primary schooling, or unknown academic history.
We considered smokers all those who consumed a daily tobacco product in the last 12 months and included those who reported having quit smoking in the last year. Never drinking was defined as self-reported abstinence, former drinking was defined as having ceased alcohol consumption for 1 year or more, and current drinking was defined as consumption of alcohol in the past year.
Blood pressure was taken with no smoking, physical activity, or food consumption during the previous 30 min and after the participant sat for 5 min.
Anthropometric measurements were taken following the standardized protocol of the PURE study. Weight was measured using a digital scale with the participant lightly clothed with no shoes.
Height was measured to the nearest millimeter using a tape measure with the participant standing without shoes. Waist and hip circumferences were measured unclothed using a tape measure.
The WC was considered the smallest circumference between the costal margin and the iliac crest. The hip circumference was measured at the level of the greater trochanters.
Handgrip strength was measured was evaluated on the individual's non-dominant hand using a Jamar dynamometer Sammons Preston, Bolingbrook, IL, USA , according to a standardized protocol [ 9 ].
Standing, the participant held the dynamometer at the side of the body with the elbow flexed at degree angle and was asked to squeeze the device as hard as possible for 3 s. This was repeated twice with 30 s rest between each attempt. Physical activity PA was evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire IPAQ.
IPAQ which assesses physical activity undertaken across a comprehensive set of domains, including leisure-time physical activity, domestic and gardening activities, work-related physical activity, transport-related physical activity.
These thresholds take into account that the IPAQ queries PA in multiple domains of daily life, resulting in higher median MET-minutes estimates than would be that estimated from considering leisure-time participation alone.
One point was conferred for each alteration of the cluster of MetS as defined by IDF elevated triglycerides, low HDL-c, dysglycemia, or high blood pressure , generating a score of 0 to 4 for each participant, a high score was considered if 2 or more points were achieved.
WC was not included in the calculation of our metabolic score as it was also an outcome variable. Descriptive statistics were computed for variables of interests and included absolute and relative frequencies of categorical factors.
Testing for differences in categorical variables was accomplished using the Chi-square test. Moreover, we used unconditional multivariate logistic regression models to assess the associations between anthropometric variables and handgrip strength, and the MetS score.
These analyses were adjusted for potential confounders, such as age, socioeconomic status, income and education level.
We re-coded the anthropometric variables and handgrip strength into sex-specific tertiles and compared the risk of a higher MetS score in each tertile with the lowest category of risk reference group. All statistical analysis was carried out using the R software version 3.
The mean age was The overall prevalence of MetS was MetS was more frequent in women, people older than 50 years; it was also more frequent in individuals living in urban areas, former drinkers, and smokers.
The prevalence of MetS was higher in participants with a lower level of education compared with those with a high school or college degree. The percentage of subjects with MetS was lower in tertile 1 of BMI There were no significant differences in the prevalence of MetS across tertiles of HGS tertile 3: However, the prevalence of MetS Figure 1 shows the sex-specific distribution of the MetS scores.
The association between anthropometric variables and the risk of a higher MetS score is shown in Table 2. A higher WC was associated with a risk of a higher MetS score, with women and men in the tertile 3 of WC mean Participants in tertile 3 of BMI mean In women, lower HGS was associated with a significantly higher MetS score T3 vs.
In men, there were no significant differences in MetS score across HGS tertiles. The overall prevalence of MetS in this cohort of Colombian adults was A lower prevalence was reported by Higuita-Guitierrez in Colombian adults of which Aging is associated with an increase in adipose tissue and a decreased muscle mass [ 17 ], body composition changes which predispose to the development of metabolic alterations.
The prevalence of MetS was higher in women Lower educational level was associated with a higher prevalence of MetS Educational level is an indicator of social inequity, lower levels reflecting not only less schooling, but also a higher risk of unhealthy life habits, and lower access to employment and physical activity participation.
Social factors associated with MetS prevalence, should be further examined. We found that lower muscle strength and higher central adiposity as defined by waist circumference, were independently associated with a higher MetS score, representing a greater number of alterations of the components of the MetS cluster.
Our cross-sectional analysis showed a stronger association between a higher MetS score and WC than BMI, confirming previous studies showing that in Latin-American and Chinese population, WC is a stronger predictor of major cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction or stroke than BMI, particularly in men [ 8 , 21 ].
Similarly, in diabetic Chinese adults, high visceral fat measured by a visceral adiposity index and WC were associated with a higher prevalence of diabetic kidney disease and CVD compared to BMI [ 22 ]. These findings may be related to the higher inflammatory load associated with visceral adipose tissue accumulation, and inflammation is considered a key factor associated with insulin resistance, MetS and CVD [ 23 , 24 ].
The low-grade pro-inflammatory state characterized by high C-reactive protein levels is observed in adults and youth in our population with high visceral adiposity [ 25 , 26 ].
However, the accumulation of visceral fat is not the only contributing factor in the development of a pro-inflammatory state. The accumulation of cardiac fat is also associated with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1, TNF-α, and the expression of adipokine fatty acid-binding protein 4 FABP4 that are associated with the development of MetS and the extent of coronary artery disease [ 27 , 28 ].
Hence, overall fat measurement should not be underestimated. For example, in a cohort of 1, Italian children and adolescents However, BMI cannot discriminate between lean body mass and fat mass; hence, BMI is not necessarily an appropriate parameter of excessive adiposity.
Body fat distribution may be more valuable than overall adiposity in the prediction of metabolic alterations. This aligns with the concept of an obesity paradox whereby subjects with higher BMI levels were shown to have lower levels of cardiovascular events [ 30 ].
Obesity induced alterations in body composition include both an increase in adipose and in low-density lean tissue, without an increment in normal- lean density tissue, suggesting a fatty infiltration of muscular tissue [ 31 ].
Furthermore, studies in Colombian adults have demonstrated that individuals with a high BMI due to higher muscle mass have a lower risk of CVD than individuals with the same BMI due to elevated adipose mass [ 32 ]. This highlights that not only adipose tissue influences insulin action, other tissues such as muscle and hepatic tissue also affect this interaction.
Therefore, in our population, WC continues to be the most applicable, easy to perform anthropometric indicator of adiposity and predictor of metabolic alterations and CV risk. Furthermore, rather than a specific weight value, the cardiometabolic dysfunction produced by the adipose tissue's inflammation and its involvement in the muscle tissue should be managed.
Few studies have examined associations between strength, adiposity, and MetS or its components in adults in low and middle-income countries and considered its association with CVD and mortality [ 1 ].
The PURE study, a large international prospective cohort that included the present population, demonstrated an association between low HGS and CVD and all-cause mortality in the population as a whole [ 9 ].
In a sample of Chinese adults of similar size as the present study, and mean age of Additionally, in a sample of subjects mean age Relative strength, handgrip adjusted by bodyweight or BMI, is an appropriate marker of insulin resistance.
Several levels of evidence support the notion that muscle strength is protective, and more so than muscle mass [ 39 , 40 ]. Prospective studies have established that low muscle strength, typically characterized using handgrip dynamometry, is predictive of cardiometabolic risk and mortality, independent of aerobic fitness and physical activity [ 9 , 41 ].
Furthermore, intervention studies also consistently show benefits of strength training on components of MetS and other relevant markers of CVD risk, such as C-reactive protein [ 43 ]. This is particularly relevant in low and middle-income countries on the basis that in these regions 1 there are steeper increases in the burden of chronic disease in low and middle-income countries [ 45 ] 2 lower muscle strength is reported compared to high -income countries [ 9 ] and 3 the protective effect of muscle strength on cardiometabolic health may be accentuated in individuals with lower birth weight, an indicator or poorer early life nutrition and a more common phenotype in the lower socioeconomic status within middle-income countries [ 26 ].
Considering the association between MetS cluster metabolic alterations and CVD, our findings suggest that public health strategies should not only focus on adiposity but also identify and address lower muscular strength in our population [ 10 , 46 ]. Our study has the limitation of cross-sectional analyses, in that we demonstrated associations between adiposity, strength, and MetS in our population without establishing causality in these associations.
We did not use body composition methods such as bioimpedance or dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry that estimate muscle and fat mass. Therefore, quantifying relative muscle strength in an individual through the simple, quick and low-cost measurement of handgrip dynamometry in addition to the classic anthropometric measurements of adiposity i.
Having greater muscle strength could be a protective factor against the metabolic alterations that constitute this syndrome. Handgrip strength is also associated with frailty and other non-cardiometabolic related chronic physical and mental health outcomes [ 47 ], so from a clinical perspective it can also contribute to the wider a screening of patient health.
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Daiji Nagayama fircumference, Yasuhiro WatanabeChamomile Tea for Anxiety Yamaguchi Chamomile Tea for Anxiety, Kenji Emotional well-being and eating habitsAtsuhito SaikiKentaro FujishiroKohji Shirai; Proper nutrition balance of Waist Circumference for syndromme Diagnosis Waizt Metabolic Syndrome Regarding Arterial Stiffness: Sndrome Utility metabllic a Metabolid Shape Index in Middle-Aged Nonobese Japanese Urban Residents Receiving Health Screening. Obes Facts 22 March ; 15 2 : — Introduction: Abdominal obesity as a risk factor for diagnosing metabolic syndrome MetS is evaluated using waist circumference WCalthough WC does not necessarily reflect visceral adiposity. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in 46, Japanese urban residents median age 40 years who underwent health screening. Exclusion criteria were current treatments and a past history of cardiovascular disease CVD.
Mir scheint es, Sie haben sich geirrt
Ich entschuldige mich, aber diese Variante kommt mir nicht heran.
Sie sind nicht recht. Es ich kann beweisen. Schreiben Sie mir in PM.