Antioxidant rich spices -
Experimental studies have been conducted to support the effect of cumin on renal ischemia—reperfusion injury [ 79 , 80 ]. It also has antibacterial and potent antimicrobial activity [ 66 , 77 ].
Cumin seeds also have immunostimulating, gastric protective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and neuroprotective activities [ 81 ]. The most specific feature of cinnamon, which is an evergreen tree, is its aromatic scent. Cinnamon, which is also widely traded, is frequently consumed in Iran in the form of traditional tea.
It is used to prevent lipid oxidation of bakery products such as cakes, so that it prevents the taste of foods [ 82 ]. It is a spice with a pronounced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect [ 12 ]. It has been observed that consuming it especially in tea form is beneficial in the treatment of diseases related to oxidative stress.
It has also been presented to have a sedative effect in many human studies [ 83 ]. Cinnamon, acting like insulin, increases insulin receptor kinase activity and stimulates glycogen synthase activity.
Thus, it exerts antidiabetic effect [ 82 , 84 ]. Spices such as cinnamon have started to be included in prescriptions as an additional treatment, due to the toxic side effects of diabetes medications and balance problems due to long-term use.
In these studies, which accelerated the development of multiple antibiotic resistances, antibacterial effects on factors such as bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus cereus , Escherichia coli , salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Listeria monocytogenes , and fungal effects such as aspergillus monocytogenes, aspergillus monocytogenes are also known [ 85 ].
In addition, NF-κB, which is known to be effective in cancer development acts an anticancer by inhibiting the production of IL-1β and TNF-α. Cinnamon is beneficial in lowering triglycerides and LDL cholesterol by affecting the blood lipid profile through the poliphenols in its structure [ 86 ].
The effect of polyphenols here is achieved by inhibiting hepatic lipid peroxidation. In this way, by cleaning hydroxy and fatty acid radicals and chelates, providing the metabolic balance of fat and carbohydrates, cinnamon has turned into a functional nutrition.
With a slightly bitter but strong aroma, this root can be used in powder or ground form. It can be consumed in brine, drying, canned or fresh [ 20 ]. Among these are terpenes, polysaccharides, lipids, but especially gingerol, physiological effects are the most intense [ 20 , 87 ].
The proportion of gingerol is higher in fresh ginger than the dried form, so consuming fresh is more important for its antioxidant effect [ 20 ]. Studies mention the effects of ginger on cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antinausea and antiobesity.
Its anti-inflammatory effects have been demonstrated in the treatment of osteomyelitis, arthritis and rheumatism [ 89 ]. Ginger, which has increased glutathione levels and suppress lipid peroxidation during its anti-inflammatory effects, is widely used as a food flavor in developed countries for colds, migraine attacks and gastrointestinal disorders.
Its antimicrobial effects are related to its lipophilic property, making the fungal walls and cytoplasmic membrane permeable. Antibacterial effects on species such as Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus pyogenes , Streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus have been proved on various animal and human studies.
The most stable metabolite, 6-gingerol derivative, has been observed to have an antinause effect by blocking 5-hydroxy tryptophan and serotonin-mediated vagal afferent neurons in patients used after chemotherapy, nephrectomy and cesarean operations [ 90 , 91 ].
It is obtained from the ripe fruits of Piper nigrum L [ 27 ]. Black pepper has a very common pharmaceutical use in the world [ 14 ]. It is cultivated in tropical regions, especially in India, Malaysia, Asia and Indonesia [ 12 , 27 ].
It is among the best-selling spices on the market in some countries like India [ 14 , 92 ]. Black pepper contains five phenolic acids piperettine, piperanine, piperylin A, piperolein B and pipericine amide with antioxidant effects [ 12 , 13 , 27 ].
Additionally, it contains alkamides, piptigrine, wisanine and dipiperamide [ 13 ]. These phenolic components have a damaging effect by preventing the growth of the bacterial membrane, and their antimicrobial activity occurs through this mechanism [ 12 ]. These compounds are non-greasy, odorless, tasteless and exhibit stronger antioxidant activity than α-tocopherol [ 27 ].
The composition in the form of essential oil has antimicrobial activity [ 12 ]. The quality of black pepper varies depending on piperine causing bitterness and the essential oils responsible for its aroma [ 12 , 27 ].
Piperine is a green crystalline clear substance that was first isolated in This alkaloid is a compound that gives the pepper its bitterness. The nature of piperine, which is its active basic component, is known in detail, and its effectiveness in alternative medicine has been clearly proven [ 13 , 14 , 21 ].
Its content, piperine, is a bioactive component with known beneficial effects on human health [ 13 , 14 ]. Piperine is absorbed by passive diffusion in the gastrointestinal tract and has a short clearance time [ 13 ].
In a study of industrial microwaving of black pepper, it was determined that no change was observed in the antioxidant properties of this herb [ 50 ]. It has antioxidant, antimicrobial and antipyretic properties [ 27 ].
Antidepressant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticarcinogenic, antithyroid activities are some of the important pharmacological effects of black pepper [ 13 , 14 , 93 ]. Its anti-inflammatory effect has been detected on rats in many experimental studies.
Black pepper accelerates the digestion process, increases digestive enzymes, gastric acid and bile acid secretion, and shortens the food transit time. Piperine significantly reduces cell death, brain edema, and post-reperfusion proinflammatory cytokines in rats. It has decreased hippocampal cell death after ethylcholine aziridinium ion administration in rats [ 21 ].
Piperine has reduced arthritis pain in animal models. Piperine supplementation reduces muscle damage when given before and after exercise. Piperine reduces histamine release and eosinophil infiltration in animal models.
However, it suppresses allergic airway inflammation and airway hypersensitivity. Piperine increases energy expenditure in animal experiments, activates the sympathetic nervous system, causes thermogenesis, increases catecholamine levels, and activates adrenal sympathetic nerves [ 13 ].
In a study, it was examined that lipid peroxidation was delayed in pork meat with the addition of black pepper [ 13 , 94 ]. Piperine prevented lipid accumulation in mouse macrophages. Alternatively, it has been determined to transform into foamy cells in animal studies, which can reduce fat accumulation in the arterial wall [ 13 ].
Capsaicin is an alkaloid. Among its recently discovered ingredients are capsiate and dihydrocapsiate [ 13 ]. The beneficial effects of red pepper have been documented long before. In vitro and experimental studies of red pepper and capsaicin have proved potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of it against oxidative stress in various tissues and organs [ 13 ].
This spice type has the ability to induce apoptosis in major type cancers. It has been presented that capsaicin treatment in gastic cancer cells MGC and cervical cancer cells HeLa prevented the G1 phase in cell cycle analysis.
In another study conducted in vitro, it has been determined that it has a protective effect on rat hippocampal neurons, reduces hippocampal death after global ischemia, decreases the size of cerebral infarction after bilateral arterial occlusion in mice, and decreases the infraction volume in neonatal rats ligated in unilateral carotid arteries after hypoxia [ 21 ].
However, capsaicin regulates energy metabolism and has beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, with its antioxidant and antiplatelet effects.
In a clinical study conducted on humans, it was determined that 5 grams of red pepper Capsicum frutescens lowered blood glucose levels and maintained healthy insulin levels.
In the short-term use of red pepper, it has been observed that body mass index contributes to management, decreases energy and fat intake, increases body heat production thermogenesis , increases body metabolic rate, decreases the conversion of fat cells to mature cells adipogenesis and increases fat oxidation.
Capsaicin has been detected to be gastroprotective in patients with peptic ulcer disease. Capsaicin reduces acid secretion, induces alkaline mucous stimulation particularly by affecting gastric mucosal blood flow and contributes to ulcer healing [ 13 ].
In a study comparing antioxidant effects, it was stated that the strongest antioxidant effect was in rosemary and curcumin, followed by herbs such as cinnamon, saffron, sage, and thyme [ 2 , 27 , 46 ]. Shahidi et al. asserted that the antioxidant activities of clove, sage, thyme and ginger in meat oil were concentration-dependent [ 95 ].
They stated that among these substances, the most effective was clove, and the least effective spices were ginger and thyme [ 95 ]. Pizzale et al. found that, on average, the antioxidant activity of sage species Salvia officinalis and fruticosa was higher than thyme species Origanum onites and indercedens in their study [ 96 ].
Another study proved that chloroform extract of dried musk sage Salvia sclarea has higher antioxidant activity than acetone extract, and both extracts have higher total antioxidant activities than α-tocopherol [ 27 ].
Nakatani et al. determined that black pepper is more effective than synthetic antioxidants such as BHT and BHA [ 97 ]. In another study, the antioxidant properties of curcuminoids were investigated, and it was determined that the antioxidant capacity of these extracts was equivalent to ascorbic acid [ 98 ].
When evaluated in terms of the density of total phenolic compounds, it has been observed that rosemary and thyme have higher phenolic content than other herbs. Also, it was presented that fresh plants have more intense phenolic content than dried plants [ 9 ].
Correspondingly, it is thought that the most potent antioxidants are fresh rosemary and curcumin, and it may be suggested to increase the consumption of these products. Since each spice contains a wide range of phenols, many of them can provide synergistic effects with each other.
The formulations of different herbs and spices were tested in vivo and in vitro, and their antimicrobial effects were compared [ 12 ]. It is predicted that the antioxidant effect increases significantly when thyme essential oil and vitamin E are mixed in half so that there is a synergistic effect between thyme essential oil and vitamin E [ 27 ].
It has been indicated that meats are effectively protected against Listeria monocytogenes with the combined use of curcumin and thyme [ 12 ]. In an experimental animal study, it was observed that when capsaicin 0. Since piperine increases the absorption of various drug and food sources, it increases their bioavailability when used with other antioxidants.
It increases the absorption of compounds such as coenzyme-Q, curcumin and polyphenol. Piperine shows its effect by decreasing the intestinal and hepatic metabolism of curcumin.
In some studies, it has been presented that piperine increases the bioavailability of resveratrol in vivo by inhibiting its metabolism. In this way, it ensures that additional resveratrol doses are not required [ 13 ]. Therefore, the combined use of herbs and spices with appropriate formulations can be recommended.
Herbs and spices used in cooking, increasing the nutritional value of foods and extending the storage time are highly interesting compounds with antioxidant properties due to their bioactive content, showing beneficial effects on human health.
Interest in natural antioxidants in plants around the world is increasing day by day, with the widespread use of natural additives in the food industry. Therefore, herbs and spices have become the most important focus of research for the study of natural antioxidants.
Since ancient times, herbs and spices have been used in alternative medical treatments due to their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. Although the use of herbs and spices in food and treatment has been available for a long time, research on this subject is limited to the recent past.
In addition to the poor antioxidant features of animal origin foods, the antioxidant power of plant-based foods is much higher. There are over 1. Although they are very small in terms of weight and volume, they have a feature of increasing the value and antioxidant content of foods. Thanks to the studies conducted on this subject, the application strategies of phytochemical antioxidants in the diet can be determined, and chronic diseases related to oxidative stress such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, inflammation and diabetes can be prevented or their effects can be reduced.
Various synthetic and natural products are used in the food industry to cope with dietary oxidative stress. Hence, there is a need for optimized studies of natural antioxidant products that can be used as food preservatives in the food industry. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest, and there have been no sources of funding.
Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3. Edited by Viduranga Y. Open access peer-reviewed chapter Use of Selected Antioxidant-Rich Spices and Herbs in Foods Written By Perçin Karakol and Emin Kapi. DOWNLOAD FOR FREE Share Cite Cite this chapter There are two ways to cite this chapter:.
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Chapter metrics overview Chapter Downloads View Full Metrics. Impact of this chapter. Abstract Free radicals are chemicals that play a role in the etiopathogenesis of ischemia—reperfusion injury.
Keywords antioxidant food herb plant review spice supplement. Introduction It is known that cell or tissue damage is related to free reactive oxygen radicals ROS; reactive oxygen species and associated nitrogen degradation products [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ].
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The Western lifestyle — with its ultra-processed foods , reliance on medications, and high exposure to chemicals or environmental pollutants — seems to lay the foundation for the proliferation of free radicals.
Because many of us are exposed to such high rates of oxidative stress from a young age, we need the power of antioxidants more than ever, which means we need to consume antioxidant foods.
What is an antioxidant, and why is it important? While there are many ways to describe what antioxidants do inside the body, one antioxidant definition is any substance that inhibits oxidation, especially one used to counteract the deterioration of stored food products or remove potentially damaging oxidizing agents in a living organism.
Antioxidants include dozens of food-based substances you may have heard of before, such as carotenoids like beta-carotene, lycopene and vitamin C. Antioxidants also help neutralize harmful free radicals to prevent the potential negative effects on health.
Free radicals accumulate in the body due to oxidative stress, which can be caused by a number of different factors, including diet and lifestyle. Over time, free radicals can cause cell damage and contribute to the development of chronic disease. Why are antioxidants good for you? Research suggests that when it comes to longevity and overall health, some of the benefits of consuming antioxidant foods, herbs, teas and supplements include:.
There are many different types of antioxidants, including several antioxidant vitamins, minerals and polyphenols. Most whole foods include a mix of the best antioxidants, making it easy to maximize the potential health benefits and fit a range of vitamins for the immune system into your diet.
Along with other compounds on the list of antioxidants, vitamin C antioxidants are highly effective at neutralizing free radicals to protect against disease.
Other vitamins and minerals that have powerful antioxidant properties include vitamin A, vitamin E, manganese and selenium. Other antioxidants include lycopene, carotenoids, lutein, zeaxanthin, anthocyanins , quercetin, glutathione and flavonoids like rutin.
As described above, the single most important benefit of antioxidants is counteracting free radicals found inside every human body, which are very destructive to things like tissue and cells. Free radicals are responsible for contributing to many health issues and have connections to such diseases as cancer and premature aging of the skin or eyes.
The body uses antioxidants to prevent itself from the damage caused by oxygen. Electrons exist in pairs; free radicals are missing an electron. This is their weapon of sorts. Free radicals then damage DNA, cellular membranes and enzymes. Many foods that provide these nutrients also supply antioxidants called lutein and zeaxanthin, nicknamed the eye vitamins , found in brightly colored foods like fruits and vegetables — especially leafy greens and types that are deep orange or yellow.
These antioxidants are believed to be easily transported around the body, especially to the delicate parts of the eyes called the macula and the lens. In fact, there are more than different types of carotenoids found in nature, but only about 20 make their way into the eyes.
Of those 20, lutein and zeaxanthin are the only two macular carotenoids that are deposited in high quantities into the macular portion of the eyes, which is one of the earliest to be damaged during aging. Research shows that high-lutein sources like spinach are proven to help decrease eye-related degeneration and improve visual acuity.
Similarly, flavonoid antioxidants found in berries, such as bilberries or grapes also great sources of the antioxidant resveratrol , may be especially beneficial at supporting vision into older age. Perhaps most noticeably, free radicals speed up the aging process when it comes to the appearance and health of your skin.
Using antioxidants for skin may help combat this damage, especially from eating sources high in vitamin C, beta-carotene and other antioxidants. Vitamin A and C have been connected to a decrease in the appearance of wrinkles and skin dryness.
Vitamin C, specifically, is a powerful antioxidant that can help reduce the effect of oxidative damage caused by pollution, stress or poor diet. Vitamin A deficiency has also been linked to skin dryness, scaling and follicular thickening of the skin.
Similarly to how free radicals damage surface skin cells, keratinization of the skin, when the epithelial cells lose their moisture and become hard and dry, can occur in the mucous membranes of the respiratory, gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract.
At this point, the data does not show that all antioxidants are effective in protecting against heart disease, but some, such as vitamin C, do seem to be. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition featured a study that found those with high levels of vitamin C in their blood had almost a 50 percent decreased risk of stroke.
Countless studies also have found that people who consume highly plant-based diets — loaded with things like fresh veggies, herbs, spices and fruit — have a better chance of living longer and healthier lives with less heart disease.
Some research has unearthed a potential connection between antioxidants and cancer. In fact, studies have found that high intakes of vitamin A, vitamin C and other antioxidant foods could help prevent or treat several forms of cancer thanks to their ability to control malignant cells in the body and cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis destruction of cancer cells.
Retinoic acid, derived from vitamin A, is one chemical that plays important roles in cell development and differentiation, as well as cancer treatment. Lung, prostate, breast, ovarian, bladder, oral and skin cancers have been demonstrated to be suppressed by retinoic acid.
Another study collected numerous references demonstrating the findings of retinoic acid in protection against melanoma, hepatoma, lung cancer, breast cancer and prostate cancer. Many studies have found that people eating plant-based diets high in antioxidants, such as the Mediterranean diet , have better protection over cognition.
In addition to improving heart health and cognitive function, some research suggests that antioxidants could aid in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. For example, one animal model out of Japan showed that administering antioxidants to mice helped preserve the function of beta cells in the pancreas, which are responsible for the production of insulin.
Another large review of 12 studies found that vitamin E helped reduce blood sugar levels, while vitamin C was effective at decreasing levels of oxidative stress. Antioxidants may be easier to add to your diet than you might think. Based on ORAC scores provided by Superfoodly based on research from a broad number of sources , below are some of the top antioxidant foods by weight:.
The ORAC scores above are based on weight. This means that it might not be practical to eat high amounts of all of these antioxidant foods. Other high-antioxidant foods not listed above, which are still great sources and highly beneficial, include common foods like:.
Try to consume at least three to four servings daily of these antioxidant-rich foods even more is better for optimal health. Along with antioxidant foods, certain herbs, spices and essential oils derived from nutrient-dense plants are extremely high in healing antioxidant compounds.
Here is another list of the herbs you can try adding to your diet for increased protection against disease. Look for percent pure therapeutic grade oils, which are highest in antioxidants:.
Other antioxidant-rich herbs include garlic, cayenne pepper and green tea.
Spices to show Antloxidant much rifh love someone! These seven "super" spices are a Carbohydrate and sleep quality gift Antuoxidant a best friend, sister or mom. Small jars measure 1. These jars are smaller than traditional spice containers; smaller amounts of spice stay fresh. Refill with us or in bulk at your local natural foods store. Jars are made to stick to your fridge or any steel surface. Purchase a mini wall plate if you need to store jars on a backsplash. Every Anyioxidant of Carbohydrate and sleep quality has spiecs Carbohydrate and sleep quality radicals and Antioxdant present Antioxidajt of our bodies at all times. Antioxidanf antioxidants are made from the body itself, while we Natural cholesterol-lowering techniques get others from Antiixidant diets by eating high-antioxidant Antioxidant rich spices that double as anti-inflammatory foods. Our bodies also produce free radicals as byproducts of cellular reactions. For example, the liver produces and uses free radicals to detoxify the body, while white blood cells send free radicals to destroy bacteria, viruses and damaged cells. When antioxidant levels in the body are lower than that of free radicals — due to poor nutrition, toxin exposure or other factors — oxidation wreaks havoc in the body.
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Welcher nützlich topic
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