Building a self-care routine for diabetes -
Around 14 percent of Alabamians have diabetes, and another , people in Alabama have diabetes but do not know it, according to the American Diabetes Association. The ADA also reports that those with diabetes have medical expenses approximately 2.
Not only is the mental load of managing diabetes taxing, but there are physical and financial burdens of the disease as well. Many with diabetes might get overwhelmed or experience burnout.
The daily management of a disease can feel like a never-ending marathon, so it is important for those with diabetes to practice self-care. It can be overwhelming to keep up with regular maintenance and cleaning of monitors as well as ordering new supplies.
Some popular online diabetic supply vendors have auto-reordering options that someone with diabetes could take an evening to set up so that supply re-order is one less thing to think about.
Dodd also suggests having one reorganizing night each month for supplies. An organized diabetes supply means lessening the daily mental load of managing the disease.
Having an organized supply area could make managing diabetes a lot less daunting. The ADA notes that moderate exercise can help regulate blood sugar. Not only does walking help lower blood sugar levels, but the ADA has found it can also increase insulin sensitivity, making it a bit easier to manage blood glucose levels.
Overall, walking not only has physical benefits, but can help lighten the mood. Walking can be a great way to start the day, a good lunch break activity or even a good way to end the day. These effects are expressed as different signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes has many signs and symptoms , most of which develop slowly. It can take several years for these to show up. The following are the main signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes:.
Increased thirst. Frequent urination. Increased hunger. Unintended weight loss. Blurred vision. Slow-healing sores. Frequent infections. Darkened skin areas around the armpit and neck regions. If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, consult your healthcare professional as soon as possible.
Genetics and family history play a very strong role in the development of type 2 diabetes. Environmental and lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, stress, pollutants, and climate also strongly influence the development of type 2 diabetes.
Additionally, people above 40 are more likely to develop the disease, although recent studies³ have reported a rise in cases among young people due to the adoption of a more sedentary lifestyle.
The following factors increase your risk of developing type 2 diabetes:. Obesity or overweight. Type 2 diabetes in family members. Obesity or overweight in family members. Lack of regular exercise due to a sedentary lifestyle. Carrying excess weight around your midsection. High blood pressure.
A low level of HDL cholesterol or high level of triglycerides in the blood. Diabetes in pregnancy gestational diabetes or delivery of a baby weighing 9 pounds 4 kg or more. Polycystic ovary syndrome. It's important to diagnose and treat type 2 diabetes as early as possible to prevent the many associated complications.
If left untreated, elevated blood glucose levels caused by type 2 diabetes can result in:. Eye problems, including diabetic retinopathy. Kidney disease. Heart disease. Increased risk of heart attack and stroke. Skin conditions such as slow healing sores and fungal and bacterial infections.
Foot infections and risk of amputation. Sexual dysfunction. Hearing problems. The terms self-management and self-care describe how a person with type 2 diabetes can take charge of their own daily health care.
Both terms refer to your daily routine and the activities you choose to look after your physical, mental, and emotional health. It's important to develop your self-care management routine with the help of your healthcare providers. Following a type 2 diabetes self-care plan can reduce the likelihood of diabetes complications and improve your quality of life.
Self-care requires knowledge about diabetes, its treatment, and how to adapt to living with a long-term medical condition. An efficient diabetes self-care plan combines behavioral changes, enhanced problem-solving skills, and learning how to cope when challenges come up.
Developing a self-care routine allows you to maintain an independent, active, and healthy lifestyle. However, this doesn't mean that you need to do it all alone. Central to your self-care is being able to count on your healthcare professionals, family members, and peers to support your self-management plan.
Living with diabetes means paying attention to your diet, physical activity, your reactions to certain situations such as stress, and managing your medication. An ideal self-care plan includes:.
Access to high-quality information and structured education. Tailored care strategies that meet your individual needs and way of life. Supportive people to help you to live well with type 2 diabetes.
The American Associations of Clinical Endocrinologists advocates for individuals with type 2 diabetes to become active and knowledgeable participants in their self-care routine.
Likewise, the World Health Organization recognizes the value of teaching people to manage their diabetes. People with extensive diabetes knowledge are better equipped to take effective preventive measures to avoid diabetes-related complications.
People with diabetes should ideally have ready access to helpful information in various formats such as written, electronic, and verbal. Healthcare professionals are trustworthy sources of diabetes self-management information. They can provide context for this information and what it means for you as an individual.
Self-management support and education are critical for people recently diagnosed with diabetes and those with an established diagnosis. A supported self-care action plan for diabetes management will provide you with the skills and confidence you need to deal with your diabetes.
Following a type 2 diabetes self-care plan has many upsides, including:. Reducing primary care consultations, outpatient appointments, and diabetes-related emergencies.
Improved communication with your health care providers. Greater knowledge and understanding of type 2 diabetes. Reduced admissions to hospitalized and shorter hospital stays.
Less stress, pain, tiredness, depression, and anxiety. The confidence to adapt to the everyday challenges of living with type 2 diabetes. Improved blood glucose levels. Decreased risk of developing diabetes complications.
A healthier lifestyle and better quality of life. Diabetes education is critical, but only if that knowledge translates into beneficial, real-world self-care activities. Self-care activities include:.
Adopting healthier eating habits. Increasing exercise or activity levels. Reducing stress or learning how to manage it better. Decreasing alcohol intake. Quitting smoking. Monitoring blood glucose levels. Regular checks of foot health. Managing medications.
Nutrition and physical activity are core parts of a healthy lifestyle when living with diabetes. Being active and following a healthy meal plan keeps your blood sugar within an optimal range.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Kotwani A, Ewen M, Dey D, Iyer S, Lakshmi PK, Patel A: Prices and availability of common medicines at six sites in India using a standard methodology. Indian J Med Res , 25 5 — Toljamo M, Hentinen M: Adherence to self-care and glycemic control among people with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
J Adv Nurs , 34 6 — Wing RR, Goldstein MG, Kelly JA, Birch LL, Jakic JM, Sallis JF: Behavioral science research in diabetes. Chronic Illn , 4 1 — Ramachandran A, Ramachandran S, Snehalatha C, Augustine C, Murugesan N, Viswanathan V: Increasing expenditure on health care incurred by diabetic subjects in a developing country: A study from India.
Diabetes Care , 30 2 — Debussche X, Debussche BM, Besançon S, Traore AS: Challenges to diabetes self-management in developing countries. Diabetes Voice , 12— Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Russo JE, Walker EA: The patient-provider relationship: attachment theory and adherence to treatment in diabetes.
Am J Psychiatry , 1 — Grant RW, Devita NG, Singer DE, Meigs JB: Poly-pharmacy and medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care , 26 5 — Chin MH, Cook S, Jin L, Drum ML, Harrison JF, Koppert J: Barriers to providing diabetes care in community health center.
Diabetes Care , 24 2 — Nam S, Chesla C, Stotts NA, Kroon L, Janson SL: Barriers to diabetes management: patient and provider factors. Diabetes Res Clin Pract , 93 1 :1—9. Preventative care practices among persons with diabetes - United States: — Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , 51 43 — Anderson RM: Patient empowerment and the traditional medical model: a case of irreconcilable differences?
Diabetes Care , 18 3 — Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Saurabh RamBihariLal Shrivastava. SRS wrote the first draft of the article and performed intensive review of literature.
PSS edited the article continuously. JR read and approved the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. Reprints and permissions. Shrivastava, S. Role of self-care in management of diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Metab Disord 12 , 14 Download citation.
Received : 22 January Accepted : 28 February Published : 05 March Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Download PDF. Abstract Diabetes mellitus DM is a chronic progressive metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia mainly due to absolute Type 1 DM or relative Type 2 DM deficiency of insulin hormone.
Self-Management in Diabetes Chapter © Healthy Lifestyles for the Self-Management of Type 2 Diabetes Chapter © Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. Introduction Diabetes mellitus DM is a chronic progressive metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia mainly due to absolute Type 1 DM or relative Type 2 DM deficiency of insulin hormone[ 1 ].
Addressing needs of diabetic patients One of the biggest challenges for health care providers today is addressing the continued needs and demands of individuals with chronic illnesses like diabetes[ 12 ]. Self-care in diabetes Self-care in diabetes has been defined as an evolutionary process of development of knowledge or awareness by learning to survive with the complex nature of the diabetes in a social context[ 20 , 21 ].
Diabetes self management education Though genetics play an important role in the development of diabetes, monozygotic twin studies have certainly shown the importance of environmental influences[ 34 ]. Diabetes self-care activities Diabetes education is important but it must be transferred to action or self-care activities to fully benefit the patient.
Compliance to self-care activities Treatment adherence in diabetes is an area of interest and concern to health professionals and clinical researchers even though a great deal of prior research has been done in the area.
Barriers to diabetes care The role of healthcare providers in care of diabetic patients has been well recognized. Recommendations for self-care activities Because diabetes self-care activities can have a dramatic impact on lowering glycosylated hemoglobin levels, healthcare providers and educators should evaluate perceived patient barriers to self-care behaviors and make recommendations with these in mind.
Implications for practice A clinician should be able to recognize patients who are prone for non-compliance and thus give special attention to them.
Implications for future research As most of the reported studies are from developed countries so there is an immense need for extensive research in rural areas of developing nations.
Conclusion To prevent diabetes related morbidity and mortality, there is an immense need of dedicated self-care behaviors in multiple domains, including food choices, physical activity, proper medications intake and blood glucose monitoring from the patients.
Funding No sources of support provided. References World health organization: Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications.
Google Scholar Kinra S, Bowen LJ, Lyngdoh T, Prabhakaran D, Reddy KS, Ramakrishnan L: Socio-demographic patterning of non-communicable disease risk factors in rural India: a cross sectional study. c Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Chuang LM, Tsai ST, Huang BY, Tai TY: The status of diabetes control in Asia—a cross-sectional survey of 24 patients with diabetes mellitus in x Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Narayanappa D, Rajani HS, Mahendrappa KB, Prabhakar AK: Prevalence of pre-diabetes in school-going children.
Google Scholar Zucchi P, Ferrari P, Spina ML: Diabetic foot: from diagnosis to therapy. PubMed Google Scholar World health organization: Diabetes — Factsheet. html Google Scholar Mohan D, Raj D, Shanthirani CS, Datta M, Unwin NC, Kapur A: Awareness and knowledge of diabetes in Chennai - The Chennai urban rural epidemiology study.
PubMed Google Scholar Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H: Global prevalence of diabetes: Estimates for the year and projections for CAS PubMed Google Scholar Katulanda P, Constantine GR, Mahesh JG, Sheriff R, Seneviratne RD, Wijeratne S: Prevalence and projections of diabetes and pre-diabetes in adults in Sri Lanka - Sri Lanka Diabetes, Cardiovascular Study SLDCS.
x Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Wagner EH, Austin BT, Davis C, Hindmarsh M, Schaefer J, Bonomi A: Improving chronic illness care: translating evidence into action. Article Google Scholar Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, Miyata T, Isami S, Motoyoshi S: Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic micro-vascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study.
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Google Scholar Povey RC, Clark-Carter D: Diabetes and healthy eating: A systematic review of the literature. Article PubMed Central Google Scholar Odegard PS, Capoccia K: Medication taking and diabetes: A systematic review of the literature. Google Scholar Herschbach P, Duran G, Waadt S, Zettler A, Amch C: Psychometric properties of the questionnaire on stress in patients with diabetes-revised QSD-R.
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Article PubMed Central Google Scholar Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Fernhall B, Regensteiner JG, Blissmer BJ, Rubin RR: Exercise and type-2 diabetes. Google Scholar United States Department of Health and Human Services : Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans; Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Marrero DG, Kako KS, Mayfield J, Wheeler ML, Fineberg N: Nutrition management of type-2 diabetes by primary care physicians.
x Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Kotwani A, Ewen M, Dey D, Iyer S, Lakshmi PK, Patel A: Prices and availability of common medicines at six sites in India using a standard methodology. htm Toljamo M, Hentinen M: Adherence to self-care and glycemic control among people with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
x Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Wing RR, Goldstein MG, Kelly JA, Birch LL, Jakic JM, Sallis JF: Behavioral science research in diabetes.
Google Scholar Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Russo JE, Walker EA: The patient-provider relationship: attachment theory and adherence to treatment in diabetes.
Google Scholar Anderson RM: Patient empowerment and the traditional medical model: a case of irreconcilable differences? Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Download references. View author publications.
While there Football nutrition for endurance training no cure for diabetes, routone treatment and self-management rouyine, a person can live a long and healthy life. Building a self-care routine for diabetes tips include meal toutine for nutrition, getting enough regular exercise or physical activity, avoiding smoking, and more. Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects millions of people around the world. In the United States, 1. Diabetes also affects children and adolescents. Approximatelypeople younger than 20 in the country have diagnosed diabetes.Building a self-care routine for diabetes -
Norris SL, Lau J, Smith SJ, Schmid CH, Engelgau MM: Self-management education for adults with type-2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of the effect on glycemic control. Diabetes Care , 25 7 — Glasgow RE, Strycker LA: Preventive care practices for diabetes management in two primary care samples.
Am J Prev Med , 19 1 :9— Walker E: Characteristics of the adult learner. Diabetes Educ , 25 6 Suppl — American Diabetes Association: Standards of medical care in diabetes - Diabetes Care , 34 Suppl 1 :SS Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Fernhall B, Regensteiner JG, Blissmer BJ, Rubin RR: Exercise and type-2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care , 33 12 — Mora S, Lee IM, Buring JE, Ridker PM: Association of physical activity and body mass index with novel and traditional cardiovascular biomarkers in women. JAMA , 12 — Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee: Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, Washington, DC, USA: US Department of Health and Human Services; United States Department of Health and Human Services : Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans; Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA: Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American college of sports medicine and the American heart association.
Med Sci Sports Exerc , 39 8 — Goodall TA, Halford WK: Self-management of diabetes mellitus: a critical review. Health Psychol , 10 1 :1—8.
Marrero DG, Kako KS, Mayfield J, Wheeler ML, Fineberg N: Nutrition management of type-2 diabetes by primary care physicians. J Gen Intern Med , 15 11 — Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar.
Kotwani A, Ewen M, Dey D, Iyer S, Lakshmi PK, Patel A: Prices and availability of common medicines at six sites in India using a standard methodology.
Indian J Med Res , 25 5 — Toljamo M, Hentinen M: Adherence to self-care and glycemic control among people with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Adv Nurs , 34 6 — Wing RR, Goldstein MG, Kelly JA, Birch LL, Jakic JM, Sallis JF: Behavioral science research in diabetes.
Chronic Illn , 4 1 — Ramachandran A, Ramachandran S, Snehalatha C, Augustine C, Murugesan N, Viswanathan V: Increasing expenditure on health care incurred by diabetic subjects in a developing country: A study from India. Diabetes Care , 30 2 — Debussche X, Debussche BM, Besançon S, Traore AS: Challenges to diabetes self-management in developing countries.
Diabetes Voice , 12— Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Russo JE, Walker EA: The patient-provider relationship: attachment theory and adherence to treatment in diabetes.
Am J Psychiatry , 1 — Grant RW, Devita NG, Singer DE, Meigs JB: Poly-pharmacy and medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care , 26 5 — Chin MH, Cook S, Jin L, Drum ML, Harrison JF, Koppert J: Barriers to providing diabetes care in community health center.
Diabetes Care , 24 2 — Nam S, Chesla C, Stotts NA, Kroon L, Janson SL: Barriers to diabetes management: patient and provider factors. Diabetes Res Clin Pract , 93 1 :1—9.
Preventative care practices among persons with diabetes - United States: — Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , 51 43 — Anderson RM: Patient empowerment and the traditional medical model: a case of irreconcilable differences? Diabetes Care , 18 3 — Download references.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Saurabh RamBihariLal Shrivastava. SRS wrote the first draft of the article and performed intensive review of literature.
PSS edited the article continuously. JR read and approved the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. Reprints and permissions. Shrivastava, S. Role of self-care in management of diabetes mellitus.
J Diabetes Metab Disord 12 , 14 Download citation. Received : 22 January Accepted : 28 February Published : 05 March Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Download PDF. Abstract Diabetes mellitus DM is a chronic progressive metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia mainly due to absolute Type 1 DM or relative Type 2 DM deficiency of insulin hormone.
Self-Management in Diabetes Chapter © Healthy Lifestyles for the Self-Management of Type 2 Diabetes Chapter © Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction Diabetes mellitus DM is a chronic progressive metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia mainly due to absolute Type 1 DM or relative Type 2 DM deficiency of insulin hormone[ 1 ].
Addressing needs of diabetic patients One of the biggest challenges for health care providers today is addressing the continued needs and demands of individuals with chronic illnesses like diabetes[ 12 ]. Self-care in diabetes Self-care in diabetes has been defined as an evolutionary process of development of knowledge or awareness by learning to survive with the complex nature of the diabetes in a social context[ 20 , 21 ].
Diabetes self management education Though genetics play an important role in the development of diabetes, monozygotic twin studies have certainly shown the importance of environmental influences[ 34 ].
Diabetes self-care activities Diabetes education is important but it must be transferred to action or self-care activities to fully benefit the patient. Compliance to self-care activities Treatment adherence in diabetes is an area of interest and concern to health professionals and clinical researchers even though a great deal of prior research has been done in the area.
Barriers to diabetes care The role of healthcare providers in care of diabetic patients has been well recognized. Recommendations for self-care activities Because diabetes self-care activities can have a dramatic impact on lowering glycosylated hemoglobin levels, healthcare providers and educators should evaluate perceived patient barriers to self-care behaviors and make recommendations with these in mind.
Implications for practice A clinician should be able to recognize patients who are prone for non-compliance and thus give special attention to them. Implications for future research As most of the reported studies are from developed countries so there is an immense need for extensive research in rural areas of developing nations.
Conclusion To prevent diabetes related morbidity and mortality, there is an immense need of dedicated self-care behaviors in multiple domains, including food choices, physical activity, proper medications intake and blood glucose monitoring from the patients.
Funding No sources of support provided. References World health organization: Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications.
Google Scholar Kinra S, Bowen LJ, Lyngdoh T, Prabhakaran D, Reddy KS, Ramakrishnan L: Socio-demographic patterning of non-communicable disease risk factors in rural India: a cross sectional study. c Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Chuang LM, Tsai ST, Huang BY, Tai TY: The status of diabetes control in Asia—a cross-sectional survey of 24 patients with diabetes mellitus in x Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Narayanappa D, Rajani HS, Mahendrappa KB, Prabhakar AK: Prevalence of pre-diabetes in school-going children.
Google Scholar Zucchi P, Ferrari P, Spina ML: Diabetic foot: from diagnosis to therapy. PubMed Google Scholar World health organization: Diabetes — Factsheet. html Google Scholar Mohan D, Raj D, Shanthirani CS, Datta M, Unwin NC, Kapur A: Awareness and knowledge of diabetes in Chennai - The Chennai urban rural epidemiology study.
PubMed Google Scholar Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H: Global prevalence of diabetes: Estimates for the year and projections for CAS PubMed Google Scholar Katulanda P, Constantine GR, Mahesh JG, Sheriff R, Seneviratne RD, Wijeratne S: Prevalence and projections of diabetes and pre-diabetes in adults in Sri Lanka - Sri Lanka Diabetes, Cardiovascular Study SLDCS.
x Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Wagner EH, Austin BT, Davis C, Hindmarsh M, Schaefer J, Bonomi A: Improving chronic illness care: translating evidence into action. Article Google Scholar Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, Miyata T, Isami S, Motoyoshi S: Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic micro-vascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study.
Google Scholar Chew LD: The impact of low health literacy on diabetes outcomes. Take your medications. You can all take your medications as instructed by your healthcare team, and keep track of your blood sugar levels on your own.
Keep a log book. You can learn which numbers are important for telling you how well you are doing and then watch them improve over time by keeping a log book of your A1C, blood pressure, cholesterol, and so on.
Take the book along to your appointments so you can discuss changes or new instructions with your healthcare team.
Watch for symptoms or changes in your health. You can learn which symptoms or changes are important for you to watch out for and tell your doctor about. Talk with your healthcare team if you feel overwhelmed or unable to manage one or more aspects of your diabetes management.
Ask questions when you are not sure about something. Talk with others who are living well with diabetes and kidney disease. They can understand your situation in a special way and give you support. Get tested for kidney disease.
Having diabetes puts you at risk for developing kidney disease. Ask your healthcare team to be tested for kidney disease. You should be tested for kidney disease at least once a year. Learn more.
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