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References Mankodi S, Bartizek R D, Winston J L, Biesbrock A R, McClanahan S F, He T. Article Google Scholar Download references. Rights and permissions Reprints and permissions. About this article. Cite this article Toothpaste with long-lasting antimicrobial action.

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Fights Cavities Colgate Total ® 's unique formula is clinically proven to protect against cavities and tooth decay caused by sugary foods and beverages. The extract of Scutellaria baicalensis ameliorates the destruction of periodontal ligament via inhibition of inflammatory cytokine expression in animal study Kim et al.

Therefore, a natural product mixture of eight ingredients NPM-8 , including Centella asiatica , Polygonum cuspidatum root, Scutellaria baicalensis root, Camellia sinensis leaf, Glycyrrhiza glabra licorice root, Chamomilla recutita Matricaria flower, Rosemary rosmarinus officinalis leaf and Salvia officinalis Sage , was prepared and speculated to inhibit dental plaque formation and alleviate inflammation such as gingival swelling and redness, thereby facilitating the management of dental caries and gingivitis.

The current study evaluated the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of a NPM-8 containing fluoride toothpaste, aiming to provide a promising measure to promote oral health. mutans UA, S. sanguinis ATCC, and P. gingivalis ATCC were obtained from the Stare Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.

Test agents included 1× phosphate-buffered saline PBS mL of 10× PBS: in distilled water, 1. The test toothpastes were provided by MHOME Guangzhou Industrial Co.

PBS was the negative control, the two toothpastes were experimental groups, and CHX was the positive control. The test agents were prepared as described in a previous study with some modifications ISO, ; Birant et al. The mucoadhesive polymer of NPMcontaining toothpaste is xanthan gum high permeability , which helps control the release of active ingredients during the s Aspinall et al.

Overnight 16 h culture of S. mutans and S. sanguinis and 48 h culture of P. Bacteria were harvested by centrifugation at g at 4°C for 10 min and anaerobically incubated in a fresh BHI culture with different test agents at 37°C for 10 h.

The OD nm value was measured by using a spectrophotometer UV, Shimadzu, Japan every 1 h for 10 h. This experiment was conducted with triplicate samples at each time point and reproduced at least three separate times.

The time-dependent killing assay was carried out as described previously with some modifications Koo et al.

At 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min, samples were serially diluted in PBS, and 50 μl aliquots were spread onto BHI agar plates P. gingivalis was spread onto BHI blood agar plates. All plates were incubated anaerobically for 48 h followed by enumeration of CFU.

The experiment was performed in triplicate and repeated at least three times. The Oxford cup method was used to determine the diameter of the inhibition zone Liang et al.

One milliliter of the three bacteria was added to 45 ml of 55°C BHI solid medium. After 48 h of anaerobic incubation, the diameter of bacteriostatic circles was measured with a digital caliper Digimatic Caliper, Mitutoyo, Japan.

For the biofilm formation experiment, the overnight 16 h culture of S. Bacteria were inoculated in a well plate either individually or mixed together the inoculum ratio of S. mutans : S. sanguinis : P. gingivalis was to form single-species or three-species biofilms Zheng et al.

After 24 h of treatment, crystal violet CV staining was used to quantify the biomass of the biofilms Bedran et al. Briefly, the biofilms were washed three times with sterile PBS, fixed with methanol for 15 min, and then stained with μL 0.

The absorbance of the solution was measured at a wavelength of nm by using a spectrophotometer. For the biofilm removal experiment, bacteria were inoculated in a well plate either individually or mixed together to form single-species or three-species biofilms.

After 24 h of incubation, half of the samples were used to crystal violet staining and got the biomass 1. The other half of the pre-formed biofilms were washed twice with PBS, and challenged with the four test agents for additional 24 h Palmeira-de-Oliveira et al.

Crystal violet staining was used to quantify the biomass of the biofilms and got the biomass 2. Human gingival epithelial HGE cells Single donor, CELLnTEC, Bern, Switzerland were identified by morphology and immunohistochemistry.

HGE cells are typical keratinocytes with uniform size, compact arrangement. Pan cytokeratin staining of the cells showed positive. HGE cells were treated with test agents for 3 min, 5 min, 1 h, and 24 h, and the morphological changes in the cells were observed and recorded by binocular stereoscopic microscopy Olympus, BH2-RFCA.

The cytotoxicity of the toothpaste was evaluated by the Cell Counting Kit-8 CCK-8; Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan assay as described by Park et al. Park et al. All cells were inoculated into well plates at a density of 1 × 10 4 cells per well for 24 h and then treated with test agents for 3 min, 5 min, 1 h, and 24 h.

After treatment, the wells were washed with sterile PBS, and fresh media were added. Ten microliters of a CCK-8 solution was added to each well and incubated for 1. The absorbance of each well was measured at a wavelength of nm against a blank that only contained medium.

The experiment was conducted in triplicate and repeated three times. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA was performed to quantify LPS production by P. gingivalis after the test agent treatment. ELISA was also used to determine the cytokine concentrations of HGE cells subjected to P.

gingivalis stimulation by using IL-1β and IL-6 ELISA kits Cloud-clone corp, Wuhan, China. Forty-eight-hour cultures of P. The tube was centrifuged at rpm for 10 min, and the supernatant was collected for stimulation.

HGE cells were incubated in 6-well plates Corning, Corning, USA for 24 h, stimulated with the P. gingivalis supernatant for 5 min, and subsequently treated with test agents for 3 or 5 min.

After treatment, the cells were cultured in fresh DMEM without test agents for 2 h, and then the cell media were collected for ELISA. Briefly, µL of each sample or standard was added to the appropriate well. Then, µL of antibody cocktail was added to each well. The plate was covered and incubated for 1 h at 37°C.

Each well was washed with wash buffer 5 times, µL of tetramethylbenzidine substrate was added to each well, and the plate was incubated for 10 min in the dark.

The reaction was terminated by adding Stop Solution to each well. The OD nm of each well was measured with a spectrophotometer. All experiments were performed in triplicate and repeated at least three times independently. Statistical analysis of the data was performed with SPSS version One-way analysis of variance and post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls test were used to compare the data of two or more groups.

Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation SD. Growth curves were first measured to explore the antibacterial activity of the two toothpastes against oral commensal bacteria, with PBS treatment as a negative control and CHX treatment as a positive control.

NPMfree toothpaste, NPMcontaining toothpaste and CHX almost completely inhibited the growth of S. sanguinis Figures 1A, B. For the above three groups, P. gingivalis exhibited a slower growth rate and an extended lag phase and failed to reach the same OD nm values as that of the PBS treatment group after a 10 h incubation Figure 1C.

Figure 1 Antibacterial activity of the four test agents on S. A Growth curves of S. mutans in PBS, NPMfree toothpaste, NPMcontaining toothpaste and CHX treatment. B Growth curves of S. sanguinis under the four test agent treatments. gingivalis growth curves. D Time-kill curves for S.

mutans under the four test agent treatments. sanguinis time-kill curves. gingivalis time-kill curves. Data are represented as means ± SD. A time-dependent killing assay was then performed to evaluate the kinetic-killing effect of the four treatments against S.

The two toothpastes and CHX displayed significant time-dependent bactericidal effects compared with that of PBS Figures 1D—F. However, the NPMcontaining toothpaste exhibited the greatest and fastest bactericidal activity, especially against S.

mutans and P. gingivalis Figures 1D—F. The Oxford cup method was further conducted to determine the antibacterial effect of the four test agents. As shown in Figure 2 , the diameters of the inhibition zones against S.

gingivalis treated with NPMcontaining toothpaste were significantly larger than those of the NPMfree toothpaste group. Moreover, the NPMcontaining toothpaste treatment group exhibited significantly larger inhibition zones against S.

gingivalis than those of the CHX group Figure 2. All the results suggest that NPMcontaining toothpaste has a better antibacterial effect than that of conventional fluoride toothpaste and has comparable or even better antibacterial activity than that of CHX.

Figure 2 Results of the Oxford cup bacteriostatic test. A Representative images of the inhibition zone of S. mutans, S.

gingivalis treated with PBS, NPMfree toothpaste, NPMcontaining toothpaste and CHX. B The diameters of the inhibition zones with different test agents against S. Data are presented as means ± SD. Crystal violet staining was used to determine the biomass of S.

gingivalis single-species and three-species biofilms. For the biofilm formation experiment, the biofilm biomass was significantly decreased after treatment by NPMfree toothpaste, NPMcontaining toothpaste and CHX, as compared to that of the PBS-treated group.

More importantly, the NPMcontaining toothpaste exerted further inhibition on the biofilm formation of P. gingivalis and the three-species biofilm compared to NPMfree toothpaste Figures 3A, B. Figure 3 Antibiofilm activity of the four test agents on S.

A Quantitative analysis of the effect of test agents on the biofilm formation. B Representative crystal violet staining images of the biofilms. C Quantitative analysis of biofilm biomass reduction. D Representative crystal violet staining images of the pre-formed biofilms and the biofilms after treatment.

For the biofilm removal test, the biofilm biomass significantly reduced after NPMfree toothpaste, NPMcontaining toothpaste and CHX treatment compared with that of the PBS treatment group. NPMcontaining toothpaste exhibited significantly higher reduction of S. mutans , P. gingivalis and three-species biofilm biomass compared with that of the NPMfree toothpaste group Figures 3C, D.

These results indicate that NPMcontaining toothpaste can effectively inhibit the biofilm formation and disrupt the established biofilm.

The two toothpastes were diluted or with PBS and were stimulated with HGE cells for 5 min. Compared to PBS, the two diluted toothpastes exhibited similar cytotoxicity on HGE cells Figure 4A.

No significant difference was observed between the two diluted toothpastes and CHX groups Figure 4A. Then, the HGE cells were exposed to diluted toothpaste stimulation for 3 min, 5 min, 1 h and 24 h, with PBS as the negative control and CHX as the positive control.

PBS treatment had no effect on the morphology of HGE cells.

Research by Colgate showed that toothpaste containing triclosan was beneficial to teeth. Antibacterial mouthwash may interfere with the way our bodies convert the nitrates in our saliva which can lead to ill-health over time.

Your tongue is especially sensitive to antibacterials, and mouthwash containing triclosan can kill the good bacteria on the tongue. Please contact us via this website or email without disclosing confidential information.

Home Why Choose Us About Us Meet the Team Practice Gallery New Patients Treatments Smile Gallery Reviews Written Reviews Videos Fees Fee Guide Special Offers Payment Plan Appointments Email Us Referrals How to Find Us Give Feedback. Is Antibacterial Toothpaste Dangerous to Your Health?

In response to the study findings, Colgate sent TIME a comment:. Colgate Total toothpaste is uniquely formulated with 0. Regarding this study, the authors state that they do not consider oral exposure to triclosan toothpaste to be a health risk, and their study shows that triclosan that might be released from a toothbrush head is a fraction of the standard dose coming from a single use of triclosan-containing toothpaste and far less than the 3.

The researchers also found that the toothbrushes can accumulate other chemicals from toothpaste. They also point out that other personal care items, like bath sponges, for instance, could also absorb and hold on to chemicals. Overall, the researchers—who are continuing to study how consumer products absorb chemicals—say their study raises larger questions about how these products are designed.

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Switzerland Suisse. Switzerland Schweiz. Thailand - ไทย. Turkey - Türkiye. United Kingdom. Ukraine - Україна. United States. CA - English Contact Us. Search Search. Clinically proven to provide a more effective level of plaque control compared to a regular fluoride toothpaste Clinically proven to reduce existing levels of gingivitis Contains Sodium Fluoride 1,ppm F to protect against caries.

Product Details. Characteristics: The copolymer ensures the delivery and retention of triclosan on the surface of the teeth and gums Backed by the most extensive clinical research programme for a toothpaste - over 60 published clinical studies 3 Benefits: Works to reduce gingival inflammation in 2 ways, 12 hour anti-bacterial protection and anti-inflammatory action Safe and effective.

A Clinical Study to Assess the Anticalculus Efficacy of a New Dentifrice Containing a Special Grade of Silica Joseph A Sowinski, DDS, MS If you would like a copy of this clinical study you can order one by calling COLGATE or by emailing Colgate.

Research by Colgate showed that toothpaste containing triclosan was beneficial to teeth. Antibacterial mouthwash may interfere with the way our bodies convert the nitrates in our saliva which can lead to ill-health over time.

Your tongue is especially sensitive to antibacterials, and mouthwash containing triclosan can kill the good bacteria on the tongue. Please contact us via this website or email without disclosing confidential information. Louis, led the new research.

Levin and colleagues conducted both in vitro and in vivo experiments, showing that triclosan makes bacteria stronger and more resilient to antibiotic treatment.

Using a mouse model of urinary tract infection UTI , the new study reveals that triclosan can interfere with a certain type of antibiotic and explains the mechanism by which it does so.

Levin and her team set out to examine the effect of triclosan in the presence of bactericidal antibiotics — that is, antibiotics that kill bacteria rather than just halting their growth. The researchers treated Escherichia coli E. One group of bacterial cells was exposed to triclosan beforehand, while the other group was not.

Levin continues. Now, the immune system is overwhelmed. Using a mouse model of UTI, the researchers added triclosan to the drinking water of the rodents to recreate the levels that they would expect to find in people.

Approximately 75 percent of individuals in the United States have triclosan in their urine, says the research team, and 10 percent of them have levels that are high enough to stop E. coli from growing. Next, the researchers treated all of the mice with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin.

Corey Westfall, a postdoctoral researcher in Prof. After the treatment, triclosan mice had much higher urine levels of bacteria, as well as a higher number of bacteria stuck to their bladder when the researchers compared them with rodents that had not drunk triclosan. Levin comments. PpGpp blocks the biosynthetic pathways that create the building blocks of new cells.

Such building blocks are DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids. Usually, ppGpp does this when an organism is stressed. Antibiotics such as Cipro, however, work by targeting DNA synthesis. But if ppGpp shuts down the DNA biosynthesis pathway, Cipro has a harder time killing bacteria.

To see if triclosan, indeed, activates ppGpp, the researchers engineered an E.