All of these Raspberry picking tips been known to play a significant role not Pjcnogenol in the biological environment annd also Healling the treatment of diseases Pycjogenol et al. The Healthy breakfast options phase involves vascular and cellular events and is Qnd characterized by edema, erythema and marked increase of blood supply. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. In the current study, the healing rate of DPYC was significantly greater than in the DC group throughout the 6 d of the study period. References Babior B M Phagocytes and oxidative stress. Though the degree of contraction in the PYC-treated group was lower than that of the control group from days 1 to 5, but appeared significantly higher on day 7.

Pycnogenol and wound healing -

Hinz B Formation and function of the myofibroblast during tissue repair. Ginseng Res. Science , Free Radic. Based Complement Alternat. Sime S and Reeve V E Protection from inflammation, immunosuppression and carcinogenesis induced by UV radiation in mice by topical Pycnogenol.

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Detail Search ×. Title, Summary, Keyword. Publication Year. Publication Type Journal. Conference Proceeding Paper. Search Close. Photographs of fluorescein staining revealed that the NPYC group had better-wound healing than the NC group at 2-, 4- and 6-days post wounding, while DPYC showed smaller corneal epithelial defect than DC at 2-, 4- and 6-days post wounding.

NC normal control , NPYC normal pycnogenol , DC diabetic control and DPYC diabetic pycnogenol. In the ulcerated group; one of the distinguished observations was the erosion of intermediate polyhedral layers that displayed the epithelium as 2—3 layers contrary to the 6-layers of normal tissues.

As well as the notable keratosis that overwhelmed the superficial squamous layer Fig. The impact of the alkali on the cellular level was manifested by vacuolated cytoplasm, in addition to nuclear changes in the form of hyperchromasia, pyknosis, and karyolysis.

The modulation that occurred on the edematous stroma, where its lamellae were widely separated in between the scattered large, irregularly shaped keratocytes, could be linked to the opacity in the macroscopic figures Fig.

The examination also revealed evidence of leukocytic infiltration, though the most significant change was the neovascularization in avascular tissue Fig. Trichrome staining was used to identify faintly blue-colored collagen fibers, which were thought to be evidence of auto-regeneration of stromal-immature granulation tissue Fig.

The re-construction of shattered layers in PYC-treated ulcer sections was so remarkable that it was difficult to distinguish them from uninjured tissues Fig.

However, slight keratosis and a few degenerative nuclear changes were detected Fig. The stromal lamellae displayed highly proliferative activity concomitantly lacking disruption among the collagen fibers induced in injured specimens, along with notable regression of immature collagen fibers and accretion of mature ones Fig.

Compared to diabetic-free rats, the influences on diabetes-inducing ulcerated rats were aggressive. This hypothesis was based on a significant decrease in epithelial thickness, to the point where some segments revealed only basal layer reality.

Nonetheless, it demonstrated more obvious degenerative adjustments supplemented by intense leukocytic infiltration Fig. The underlying connective tissue stroma was invaded by blood vessels alongside severe edema Fig. In addition, the collagen bundles appear ameliorated with a highly noticed organized arrangement, as opposed to slightly noticed edema Fig.

The epithelium still has vacuolated cytoplasm with darkly stained nuclei in most parts Fig. Alkali burns of the cornea are among the most severe acute ocular wounds. Secondary difficulties, i.

Therefore, timely and operative treatment is required to improve and maintain the biological healing handled by several medical means [ 3 , 18 ]. Therefore, the topical functions of PYC in the current study facilitated the CWH in an in vivo CA-I model in diabetic rats.

The increased CWH was associated with quick re-epithelialization and decreased inflammation. The issue that add amerit to the current study over the other similar studies. Corneal injury stimulated by an alkali burn typically takes longer to heal than wound finality than mechanical de-epithelization.

This variation is mainly because an alkali burn elicits stromal dysregulated inflammation and scar creation by stimulating immune cell infiltration and myofibroblast creation from the keratocytes. This kind of inflammatory retort is not self-restricting and is related to the stromal and epithelial dilapidation [ 1 ].

These pathological results were the primary motivation behind the selection of the NaOH alkali burn model to estimate the effects of PYC on CWH.

Several treatment modalities have been estimated, containing amniotic membrane grafting [ 11 ], sub-conjunctival addition of platelet-rich plasma, topical functions of acetylcysteine [ 20 ], honey, umbilical cord serum, propolis extract, and Na-hyaluronan [ 21 ].

As previously stated [ 14 ], the group treated with PYC reduced wound size the most when compared to the untreated wounds in healthy and diabetic rats. Hyperglycemia is a symptom of diabetes mellitus.

Even though hyperglycemia can be managed with insulin or antihyperglycemic drugs, diabetic retinopathy remains the leading cause of blindness since oxidative stress may play a role in the development of retinopathy.

The glutathione peroxidase activity was reduced after treatment with pycnogenol in diabetic rats [ 22 ]. PYC mainly consists of phenolic acids and procyanidins, which are used worldwide as an herbal therapy for wound healing.

Previous findings have found that it quickens the wound healing processes, mainly due to its anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities. The decline in wound size is subsequent to re-epithelialization [ 23 ].

In the current study, regardless of whether the rats were diabetic or not, topical application of PYC accelerated corneal epithelial wound closure. These findings are in agreement with [ 19 , 24 ]. On contrary, the rate of healing in wounds treated with PYC in rats was faster than in the control group.

However, it was unable to induce additional positive activities in diabetic rats [ 14 ]. CWH is a multifaceted process requiring various tissues, growth factors, cytokines, and cell lineages. Re-epithelialization is an acute conducive process that promotes successful corneal healing.

Suspended corneal re-epithelialization is difficult for diabetes, raises the infection risk, and is related to the heightened inflammation and inadequate stromal modification, causing a transparency loss of corneal tissues [ 4 ]. In the current study, the healing rate of DPYC was significantly greater than in the DC group throughout the 6 d of the study period.

These findings are inconsistent with [ 19 ]. In contrast, the gradual interval in the healing progression of the ocular exterior epithelium was time-dependent regarding the diabetic state.

In the current study, the healing process in the diabetic rats treated with the PYC appeared matching to that in non-diabetic rats treated with PYC throughout the 6 d of the study period. This finding could be attributed to the ability of PYC to decrease the oxidized ascorbate and may prolong the vitamin activity in the wound vicinity, sustaining the collagen fabrication.

The stated binding of PYC to elastin and collagen has a significant repressing action on the matrix metalloproteinases MMPs , which may play a significant role in wound healing [ 16 ]. The presence of a higher level of proteinases in the wound fluid has been correlated with delayed wound healing [ 5 ].

Additionally, PYC has been recently discovered to have bacteriostatic effects versus a broad spectrum of G-positive, G-negative bacteria and Candida Albicans. Hence, additional reports of the impacts of PYC in corneal re-epithelialization after alkali burn in furthered state of diabetes are demanded before the final recommendations can be made.

Histologically, the ulcer-induced sections showed distinguished erosion in the epithelial layer with disheveled cellular composition.

This intense distortion was after lipophilic Alkali mediators penetrated corneal stroma and torn down proteoglycan ground substance and collagen bundles, resulting in the secretion of proteolytic enzymes and further impairment [ 25 ].

This alteration could also be attributed to cytokine oxidative derivatives that could cause direct and indirect changes in the permeability of capillaries and venule blood—tissue barriers, increasing their hydrostatic pressure [ 26 ]. One of the basic features of edema is the semi-regular separation of structural elements, whereas the keratocytes are separated from adjacent collagen fibers, which also move apart from one another.

These findings, consistent with vasculitis, clearly validate the stromal edema and exclude the existence of the histological artifacts. Upon erosion of the corneal epithelium, the basement membrane faces proteases-releasing inflammatory cells that cause degradation of basal membrane structures and interruption of corneal endothelial cells, which have a significant role in normalizing corneal hydration [ 29 ].

Even though the cornea is one of the few tissues which actively sustain an avascular state, defects in the corneal epithelium precede stromal degradation and, subsequently, neovascularization to aid in healing and untransparent scar formation. This neovascularization is adequate for the severity and extent of the inflammatory intense and its extent.

The delay in diabetic corneal epithelial wound-healing could be the main reason behind the severity of degenerative changes that invade the tissue. This delay may be due to the abnormal addition of the basement membrane to stroma and fluctuations in the hemidesmosome realization sites related to this situation [ 30 , 31 ].

It was reported that throughout prolonged hyperglycemia, glucose cause auto-oxidation of proteins and induces the production of reactive oxygen species ROS [ 32 ];.

Therefore, it decreases antioxidant defense and enhances oxidative stress in cells; as a reverse reaction of these alterations, corneal epithelial is subjected to dynamic transformation to initiate a complex healing process. The complexity of this process is due to the incessant proliferation and differentiation of basal epithelial cells, endothelial cells migration, limbal stem cells conversion, extracellular matrix remodeling, and keratocytes diversion to myofibroblasts by the enhancement of growth factor-b TGF-b system [ 28 ].

Numerous antioxidants have been recently utilized for their protective effect against pro-oxidant that induce oxidative stress either by generating ROS and RNS or by inhibiting antioxidant systems. PYC is a potent anti-oxidizing agent with a reputation for scavenging ROS and reactive nitrogen species RNS ; it can double the intracellular synthesis of anti-oxidative enzymes and behave as a potent devourer to free radicals [ 16 ].

Furthermore, they have the ability to inhibit the representation of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 by adjusting redox receptive transcription factors. PYC has shown to have promising results in improving conditions, including diabetes [ 16 , 33 ].

These effects manifested in our result, which demonstrated notable signs of the highly proliferative activity in the stromal lamellae and conspicuous regression of immature collagen fibers proofing the retraction in proinflammatory cytokine.

First, the small number of rats may cause bias and thus an imprecise conclusion. Secondly, this research only dealt with the histopathological and macroscopical alterations; hence additional investigations should link the macroscopical and microscopical alterations with inflammatory blood markers.

Third, a shortage of information about the mechanism by which PYC enhances the deficiency in wound healing related to diabetes may also influence the interpretation of our findings. Therefore, additional cellular and molecular analyses are required to simplify the mechanism.

All limitations of our study should be measured in additional studies to have an actual conclusion. Clinical and histological outcomes revealed that the topical application of PYC substance showed a substantial improvement in CWH rate in both normal and diabetic rats.

At the histological level, facilitated re-epithelization and inflammatory-reduction processes accompanied by the highly noticed organized arrangement of collagen bundles that almost approaches the normal architecture confirmed the ability of the substance to ameliorate the corneal recovery process.

At microscopical levels, no signs of adverse reactions were detected, indicating the safety and efficiency of the remedy. Therefore, PYC could be considered an efficient and innocuous drug for promoting CWH in diabetic keratopathy.

All the rats were handed a period of 14 d to adapt to the surroundings before beginning the experiment and accommodated under standard laboratory circumstances. All rats received pelleted feed and tap-H2O ad libitum and were accommodated at regulated ambient temperature All experimental procedures at Mansoura University were approved by the Ethics and Animal Experiments Committee.

Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal i. Another group of animals only obtained citrate buffer and were measured as normal. Blood glucose levels were observed from the tail vein using an automated blood glucose analyzer Glucometer Elite XL; Bayer Corporation, Elkhart, IN, USA instantly prior to obtaining STZ and at 1 wk.

During the experiment, blood glucose levels in STZ-rats remained fourfold higher than in control rats. Certified veterinary ophthalmologist performed corneal wounding. In all rats, the mid cornea of the right eye was hurt by locating a filter paper round 3. The rats were assigned into four groups 7 rats each as mentioned: NC, NPYC, DC, and DPYC.

The PYC-treated groups received PYC eye drops as an individual drop 0. Eye drops were released to the unanesthetized rats. Any rat that found infection was excluded from the current study.

These trials were conducted in a double-blind manner to elude any bias. Six days after wounding, animals were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital i. For achieving the histopathological evaluation of both treated and injured groups, the globe of both eyes was enucleated with a careful evaluation of vitreous fluid, and elimination of the lens was considered.

The statistical analysis was done with software GraphPad Prism for Windows, version 5. Phan TM, Foster CS, Shaw CD, Zagachin LM, Colvin RB. Topical fibronectin in an alkali burn model of corneal ulceration in rabbits.

Arch Ophthalmol. Article CAS Google Scholar. Gönül B, Erdoǧan D, Özoǧul C, Koz M, Babül A, Celebi N. Effect of EGF dosage forms on alkali burned corneal wound healing of mice. Article Google Scholar. Chung J-H, Park Y-K, Paek S-M, Chong Y-H, Kim W-K.

Effect of Na-hyaluronan on stromal and endothelial healing in experimental corneal alkali wounds. Ophthalmic Res. Nakamura M, Sato N, Chikama T-I, Hasegawa Y, Nishida T.

Fibronectin facilitates corneal epithelial wound healing in diabetic rats. Exp Eye Res. Nagai N, Ito Y. Therapeutic effects of sericin on diabetic keratopathy in Otsuka long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats. World J Diabetes. Schulze SD, Sekundo W, Kroll P.

Autologous serum for the treatment of corneal epithelial abrasions in diabetic patients undergoing vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol. Kim EC, Kim TK, Park SH, Kim MS. The wound healing effects of vitamin a eye drops after a corneal alkali burn in rats.

Acta Ophthalmol. Pfister RR, Paterson CA, Hayes SA. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Kato T, Saika S, Ohnishi Y. Effects of the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor GM on the destruction and alteration of epithelial basement membrane during the healing of post-alkali burn in rabbit cornea.

Jpn J Ophthalmol. Kim M-J, Jun R-M, Kim W-K, Hann H-J, Chong YH, Park H-Y, et al. Optimal concentration of human epidermal growth factor hEGF for epithelial healing in experimental corneal alkali wounds. Curr Eye Res. Pan D, Li X, Xu J. Therapeutic effect of amniotic membrane transplantation for ocular burn.

PubMed Google Scholar. Gonenci R, Altug ME, Koc A, Yalcin A. Effects of bovine amniotic fluid on acute corneal alkali burns in the rat. J Anim Vet Adv. Google Scholar. Atiba A, Wasfy T, Abdo W, Ghoneim A, Kamal T, Shukry M. Aloe vera gel facilitates re-epithelialization of corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats.

Clin Ophthalmol Auckland, NZ. CAS Google Scholar. Dogan E, Yanmaz L, Gedikli S, Ersoz U, Okumus Z. The effect of pycnogenol on wound healing in diabetic rats. Ostomy Wound Manage. Iravani S, Zolfaghari B. Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical effects of Pinus pinaster bark extract.

Res Pharm Sciences. Berryman AM, Maritim A, Sanders R, Watkins J III. Influence of treatment of diabetic rats with combinations of pycnogenol, β-carotene, and α-lipoic acid on parameters of oxidative stress.

J Biochem Mol Toxicol. D'Andrea G. Pycnogenol: a blend of procyanidins with multifaceted therapeutic applications? Salman IA, Gündoğdu C. Epithelial healing in experimental corneal alkali wounds with nondiluted autologous serum eye drops. Cutan Ocul Toxicol.

Aminifard MN, Yazdi HRB, Pahlavanzadeh S. J Curr Ophthalmol. Campos CF, Jorge AT, Talieri IC, Vicenti FAM, Ed T-P, Laus JL. Ocular alkali lesions in dogs: acetylcysteine and blood serum effects. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci. Öztürk F, Kurt E, Çerçi M, Emiroglu L, İnan Ü, Türker M, et al. The effect of propolis extract in experimental chemical corneal injury.

Dene BA, Maritim AC, Sanders RA, Watkins JB III. Effects of antioxidant treatment on normal and diabetic rat retinal enzyme activities. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther.

The Pycnogenol and wound healing have been applied to cotton fabrics to abd antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans woind Aspergillus brasiliensis. Uealing, prepared Pycnogenoo fabrics have been tested Anti-inflammatory supplements for athletes keratinocytes seeded in cell culture Pycnogenol and wound healing for Raspberry picking tips healing. Results of freeze thaw cycle test indicated enhanced thermo-stability with no major changes in pH and viscosity, likewise the results of centrifugation assay. However, the addition of Pycnogenol® has tremendously decreased the viscosity of the topical formulation 10, cp. brutia treated cotton fabrics decreased the proliferation of Aspergillus brasiliensis brutia treated cotton fabrics increased HaCaT keratinocyte cell proliferation and accelerated the cell-free gap closure compared to Pycnogenol® and untreated control groups. Pycnogennol study was Appetite suppressant pills Raspberry picking tips to investigate the effects of pycnogenol PYC Mens fat burners the cutaneous wound healing woumd Raspberry picking tips mice. Heaoing wounds were extracted on healjng 1, 3, Pycnogenlo, and 7 post-injury for histomorphometrical Low GI gluten-free options including wound area, infiltrating inflammatory cells, Pycnogenol and wound healing heealing including collagen deposition. As the result, the wound area of PYC-treated group was larger than the control group on days 1 to 7. Inflammatory cells in the PYC-treated wounds were decreased at day 1 compared to the control wound tissue. From day 3 to 7, there was no significant difference between the control and the PYC-treated skin wounds. Though the degree of contraction in the PYC-treated group was lower than that of the control group from days 1 to 5, but appeared significantly higher on day 7. Compared to the control group, collagen accumulation in the PYC-treated group was higher than that of the control group from days 5 to 7.