That said, the National Institutes of Health NIH states that CoQ10 has not been shown to be of value as a cancer treatment, so more research needs to be conducted before a definitive claim can be made.

CoQ10 could reduce oxidative stress, which may be involved in cancer development. Though more research is needed, some studies also show that low levels of CoQ10 could be linked to an increased risk of certain types of cancer. Unfortunately, the brain is very susceptible to oxidative stress due to its high fatty acid content and its high demand for oxygen.

This oxidative stress enhances the production of harmful compounds that could affect memory, cognition, and physical functions.

CoQ10 can protect against oxidative damage in the brain, which could potentially protect against cognitive decline. However, more studies in humans are needed. Increased oxidative damage in the lungs and poor antioxidant protection, including low levels of CoQ10, can result in lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD and asthma.

Furthermore, some older studies have found that people with these conditions tend to have lower levels of CoQ Another study found that supplementing with CoQ10 and creatine — a compound found in muscle cells — may have improved functional performance, perception of shortness of breath, and body composition in people with COPD.

CoQ10 could reduce oxidative damage in the lungs, which may benefit respiratory conditions like asthma or COPD. Current studies note that either ubiquinol or ubiquinone is acceptable for use as a supplement.

No significant difference between the two was found in regards to absorption. CoQ10 supplements are available in various doses, ranging from 30 to mg. Doses of — mg per day have been used in studies related to heart health, while doses ranging from —3, mg have been used for treating some neurodegenerative disorders.

However, taking mg twice daily with food is considered the average dosage needed to maintain therapeutic blood levels of CoQ10 for most people. Because CoQ10 is a fat-soluble compound, its absorption is slow and limited. However, taking CoQ10 supplements with food can help your body absorb it better than taking it without food.

Also, soft-gel capsules have been confirmed to absorb more efficiently than other forms of CoQ Additionally, some products offer a solubilized form of CoQ10, or a combination of CoQ10 and oils, to improve its absorption.

CoQ10 is well-tolerated and is not associated with any serious side effects. The following foods contain CoQ10 :. In addition to the foods listed above, some types of fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and cereals also contain CoQ10, though in much lower amounts.

CoQ10 is found in many food sources, including meat, fish, poultry, legumes, nuts, seeds, and oils. Supplementing with CoQ10 appears to be well tolerated by humans, even when used in doses up to 1, mg.

You may experience some insomnia or indigestion, and you should not take it if you are also taking blood thinning medications like Warfarin Jantoven and certain cancer medications. CoQ10 may reduce the effectiveness of warfarin Jantoven , as well as interact with some blood pressure and cancer medications.

In particular, research suggests that it may help improve heart health and blood sugar regulation, protect against certain types of cancer, and reduce the frequency of migraine.

It may also reduce oxidative damage that leads to muscle fatigue, skin damage, and brain and lung diseases. However, more research is necessary to determine whether CoQ10 can help in these areas. CoQ10 can be found as a supplement that seems well tolerated, but you should ask your doctor before trying it.

You can also increase your intake through various food sources, including organ and muscle meats, oils, nuts, seeds, and legumes. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.

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Let's look deeper:. Researchers have found that a daily multivitamin supplement was linked with slowed cognitive aging and improved memory. A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Nutrition Evidence Based 9 Benefits of Coenzyme Q10 CoQ Medically reviewed by Philip Ngo, PharmD — By Arlene Semeco, MS, RD and Rachael Ajmera, MS, RD — Updated on December 6, What is CoQ10?

It may help treat heart failure. It could help with fertility. It might help support healthy skin aging. It could reduce headaches. It could help with exercise performance. It may help with diabetes.

It might play a role in cancer prevention. It may be good for the brain. It could protect the lungs. Food sources of CoQ Frequently asked questions. The bottom line.

How we reviewed this article: Sources. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references. Research by Ishrat et al. Thus, Ishrat et al. Similarly, Beal demonstrated that CoQ 10 prevented the loss of dopamine and dopaminergic axons in the striatum of 1-year-old mice treated with MPTP, and Matthews et al.

In a study on aged transgenic mice overexpressing the Alzheimer presenilin 1-LP mutation, treatment of 1, mg of CoQ 10 per day for 60 days partially reduced amyloid beta overproduction, as well as intracellular amyloid beta cortical deposits Yang et al.

Additionally, CoQ 10 treatment improved markers of oxidative stress such as downregulation of superoxide dismutase SOD and increased levels of malondialdehyde in transgenic mice Yang et al. Dumont et al. These encouraging observed in animal studies have prompted extensive research into the potential neuro-protective benefits of CoQ 10 in human clinical populations.

A large body of literature has demonstrated the importance of CoQ 10 for cardiovascular health Littarru and Tiano, CoQ 10 is highly concentrated in heart muscle due to the energy requirements of these cells.

Blood and tissue levels of CoQ 10 are depleted in congestive heart failure Boreková et al. Numerous beneficial effects of CoQ 10 administration have been observed, including an improvement in symptoms and a reduction in mortality in heart failure Mortensen et al.

In patients with ischemeic left ventricular systolic dysfunction, 8 weeks supplementation with mg daily CoQ 10 was found to improve mitochondrial function and flow-mediated dilatation; and the improvement of flow-mediated dilatation correlated with the change in mitochondrial function, suggesting that CoQ 10 improved endothelial function via reversal of mitochondrial dysfunction Dai et al.

In a study of isolated human cardiac mitochondria obtained at the time of cardiac surgery, pre-operative supplementation with CoQ 10 improved the efficiency of mitochondrial respiration and ATP production Rosenfeldt et al.

Benefits of mg daily CoQ 10 to flow-mediated dilatation, a measure of endothelial function, have also been observed after 12 weeks supplementation in statin-treated type 2 diabetic patients Hamilton et al. In addition, CoQ 10 supplementation improved exercise capacity in those treated with statins Deichmann et al.

The cardiovascular effects of CoQ 10 may be attributed to its bio-energetic role and capability to reduce low-density lipoprotein LDL oxidation, as well as endothelial dysfunction Littarru and Tiano, Due to the role of CoQ 10 in the mitochondria, there is therapeutic potential for CoQ 10 administration in these degenerative disorders Kidd, ; Chaturvedi and Beal, Stamelou et al.

These researchers identified significant cognitive improvement on a frontal lobe assessment battery, compared to a placebo group, and suggested that CoQ 10 may have led to a restoration of previously lost functions in individual neurons thereby leading to mild clinical improvement.

In a randomized controlled trial by Li et al. At the end of the treatment period, individuals receiving CoQ 10 and creatine scored significantly higher on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment MoCA together with higher plasma phospholipid levels when compared to individuals in the placebo group.

The authors concluded that CoQ 10 in combination with creatine may delay the rate of cognitive decline associated with PD. In an earlier open-label study by Shults et al. However, it is important to note that the UPDRS primarily measures functional impairment rather than cognition.

In relation to AD, RCTs with CoQ 10 are yet to be conducted, although a few earlier studies have been done involving Idebenone, a synthetic, shorter-chain CoQ 10 derivative. A double-blind, placebo-controlled multi-center study of AD patients receiving Idebenone revealed a significant improvement in ADAS score after 6 months, as part of a 2-year study Weyer et al.

Two subsequent trials reported similar improvements with Idebenone treatment slowing the progression of cognitive deficits in AD patients Gutzmann and Hadler, ; Gutzmann et al.

Only one study has investigated the neurocognitive effects of CoQ 10 in individuals free from neurodegenerative disease. In this trial, the effects of an acute dosage of mg of CoQ 10 on quantified EEG QEEG was examined in 40—year-old hypertensive subjects Marincola, In this study, the profile of resting QEEG following CoQ 10 administration was similar to that of a cognitive enhancer.

There are several mechanisms via which CoQ 10 may influence cognition. Experimental studies in animal models suggest that CoQ 10 may protect against neuronal damage produced by ischemia, atherosclerosis and toxic injury Young et al.

Oral administration of CoQ 10 increases brain mitochondrial concentrations in animal studies Bhagavan and Chopra, and reduces markers of oxidative damage in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats with induced oxidative injuries, whilst also improving cognition Ishrat et al.

These findings indicate CoQ 10 can exert neuroprotective effects. Cognitive effects of CoQ 10 may also be mediated by the cardiovascular system. The association between cardiovascular health and cognitive function has been well established Breteler et al.

Substances with the capability to modify endothelial function, such as CoQ 10 , may, in turn, be associated with increased cerebral blood flow, enhancing the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain Ghosh and Scheepens, In conclusion, there is a good evidence implicating oxidative stress, mitochondrial and microvascular dysfunction in the pathogenesis of age-related cognitive impairment.

These pathophysiological processes are all potentially able to be counteracted by CoQ 10 therapy thus providing the impetus for the current study.

The primary aim of the current study is to examine the chronic effect of day supplementation with CoQ 10 Ubiquinol on cognitive function in a healthy non-demented elderly population. The rationale for focussing on older participants is that this population is more sensitive to cognitive improvement given that increasing age is typically associated with cognitive decline-particularly memory and there is currently a scarcity of previous research using sensitive domain-specific measures investigating the cognitive effects of CoQ 10 in elderly participants without dementia.

Further, levels of CoQ 10 decrease with age, there is increased deterioration in the cardiovascular system with age and finally, there is increased oxidative stress with age and less anti-oxidant protection.

All of these indicators suggest that supplementation with CoQ 10 could improve cognitive function in the healthy elderly. It is hypothesized that day supplementation with Ubiquinol will result in improved cognitive function in healthy elderly participants aged 60 years or older, using a battery of well-validated highly sensitive measures.

The potentially positive effects of CoQ 10 on cardiovascular measures, oxidative stress biomarkers, liver function and mood will also be examined in secondary exploratory analyses. All eligible participants will be assigned to treatment group A or B using a computer-generated random number generator by a disinterested third party.

Ubiquinol and placebo will be matched in appearance. Randomization codes will be kept in a password protected computer file and only opened in case of emergency. Inclusion criteria will include being male or female aged 60 years or older, fluent in written and spoken English, normal or corrected-to-normal eyesight and good general health on the basis of medical history.

Participants will also be excluded if they are currently using over-the-counter herbal or nutritional supplements with known effects on cognition and mood, anti-coagulant drugs, anti-depressants e.

Testing will be conducted at the Centre for Human Psychopharmacology CHP , Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia over a month period. Initial telephone screening will be conducted over the phone, and participants determined eligible for inclusion in the study will be booked in for a Screening visit Day At the screening visit, participants will attend CHP where informed consent will be obtained and their final eligibility will be confirmed by an experienced research assistant.

Demographic information will be collected age, height, weight, education, gender, handedness, English language skills and employment status and participants will be screened for dementia using the Memory Assessment Clinic-Q MAC-Q; Folstein et al.

Participants will then complete a practice session including all CogTrack tasks and other cognitive assessments. Baseline testing Day 0 will be completed within 14 days of the screening and practice visit. Upon arrival at the CHP, the participant will provide a fasting blood sample and eat a standardized breakfast.

Brachial blood pressure will be recorded with the participant lying down after a 5-min rest period. Measurements will be calculated using an automatic sphygmomanometer and an appropriately sized cuff.

Participants will undergo an assessment of cardiovascular function using the Sphygmocor and have a cardiovascular wristwatch fitted BPro, to measure blood pressure over 24 h. During this time, participants will complete an Automated Self-Administered Hour Dietary Assessment Tool ASA24 for 3 days food consumed, portion sizes and nutrient composition.

Participants will be asked whether they have experienced any adverse events since the last visit. They will be required to avoid eating from 10 pm the night before and avoid the use of alcohol for h prior to the session. Participants will then complete the Profile of Mood States POMS; McNair et al.

Last, participants will complete a submaximal 6-min walk test 6 MWT. At the end of baseline testing, participants will be supplied with 90 days of their allocated treatment.

They will be required to consume two capsules daily for the day study duration, and monitor their compliance using a treatment log. After days and days of treatment, participants will complete online questionnaires and cognitive tasks ASA24 × 3, POMS, PRMQ and CogTrack from home. Each participant will be sent a link, via email, that will direct them to the online portal where their assessment tasks will be completed.

At the final day visit, participants will again attend CHP and follow the same procedure as for Day 0 with completion of ASA24 3 days prior. Participants will be advised to maintain their usual diet and exercise routines. The timing of testing for all primary and secondary outcome measures across study visits is displayed in Table 1.

The primary study outcome is the effect of CoQ 10 Ubiquinol supplementation on cognitive performance at days, using the composite measures from the CogTrack battery Wesnes et al.

Scores from the individual CogTrack tests are used to calculate five index scores: attentional intensity index, sustained attention index, working memory capacity index, episodic memory capacity index, and speed of retrieval index. In addition, participants will be required to complete online diet recall assessments on six occasions in their own home.

This data will be used to understand whether diet plays a role in any of the outcome measures. The cardiovascular measures provide mechanistic variables in which may assist us in better understanding any cognitive benefits of the treatments and the liver enzymes will assist us in monitoring participant safety.

They will have no known cardiovascular disease, and to the best of their knowledge, be able to perform the exercise task. Participants will be familiarized will all testing procedures.

Participants will complete the following battery of tests at baseline Week 0 and Week Participants will be fitted with a BPro wristwatch at their baseline visit Day 0 and final visit Day 90 and will be required to wear this for 24 h. The radial artery position will be located and BPro fitted accordingly.

This will only be done if comfortable for the participant. It is convenient to use, light weight, non-invasive, non-disruptive, cuffless, and takes a BP reading every 15 min over 24 h. The design of the watch provides a constant force of applanation on the radial artery, thereby capturing the waveforms of the radial artery.

The device measures systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, central aortic systolic pressure CASP and 24 h blood pressure patterns. Where there are less than 45 recordings available during a 24 h period the data will be excluded from analysis.

The 6 MWT is a submaximal exercise test that entails measurement of distance walked over a span of 6 min. The 6-min walk distance 6 MWD provides a measure for integrated global response of multiple cardiopulmonary and musculoskeletal systems involved in exercise.

The 6 MWT will be performed in accordance with the published guidelines by the American Thoracic Society ATS. The test has been marked at 3-m intervals so that an accurate measurement of the walking distance can be performed.

Chairs are available at m intervals in case the patients become so symptomatic that they have to stop and sit. Participants will rest comfortably for 10 min prior to the test.

During this time blood pressure and heart rate should be measured and potential contraindications assessed. The Borg scale Rating of Perceived Exertion will be used for this. The participant will be allowed to rest during the test, but the clock will continue.

If the participant cannot continue walking, the test will be stopped and the distance covered recorded. The primary analysis will involve an intention-to-treat ITT examination of the effects of treatment CoQ 10 Ubiquinol vs. placebo on CogTrack index scores attentional intensity index, sustained attention index, working memory capacity index, episodic memory capacity index, and speed of retrieval index at days compared to baseline.

Repeated measures analysis of variance ANOVA will be used to examine treatment and study visit × treatment interaction effects, using a subject-specific random intercept term, treatment group as a between-group factor CoQ 10 , placebo and study visit as a repeated within-group factor baseline, days.

Similar statistical techniques will be used to investigate the effects of treatment on secondary outcomes, as well as the CogTrack composite scores at and day time points.

Overall compliance to treatment will be analyzed by counting each participants remaining supplements at the completion of the trial. With an aging population, there is an important need for the development of effective treatments for the amelioration of cognitive decline.

CoQ 10 is a novel treatment which has the potential to improve brain function in healthy elderly populations due to established beneficial effects on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. However, there is currently a scarcity of previous human clinical trial research to explore the cognitive effects of CoQ 10 in the healthy elderly.

The current study will be the first of its kind to provide important clinical data regarding the efficacy of CoQ 10 as a targeted treatment for age-related cognitive decline, and aid in increasing productivity and quality of life in this age group.

There are a number of issues that the current study, like all clinical trials, will not be able to address.

For instance, the duration of treatment? Although based on previous research and our power analysis we expect to see significant changes after 3 months of supplementation, it is possible that this may not be long enough to see the effect of treatment on cognitive function.

Like many nutraceuticals, the effect may be cumulative over time so that longer durations of administration lead to greater functional effects. Another issue is the age of the participants.

We will test a relatively wide range of ages for an older demographic but it is also possible that a greater treatment effect could be observed where cognitive decline is greatest i.

Finally, a more sensitive cohort in terms of cognitive function may be a sample with MCI or specific memory deficits. In addition to the main outcome variables, we will also provide information on adverse effects, both serious adverse effects and adverse effects due to the treatment.

This information will be helpful to health care practitioners and the general community in terms of the potential cost-benefit ratio of the treatment.

Finally, we intend to publish the results of the trial in peer-review relevant journals. There are no restrictions in our ability to disseminate positive or negative results. The protocol was approved by the Swinburne University Human Research Ethics Committee.

All subjects will provide written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. CS, RO, FR contributed to the grant proposal.

CS, MN, DC, NP, AP, HM, KW, RO, DH, JDH, GH, PL, AL, MP, RK, RR, YR, MC and FR contributed to the design and methodology. CS, DC, BT, OZ and FR contributed to initial drafts of the manuscript.

The study described in this protocol was funded by Kaneka Japan in a grant to CS and FR. They approved the protocol which was developed and proposed by the authors of this protocol article.

Under the contract, Kaneka cannot stop publication of the results of the proposed study. All analyses, interpretation and writing of the results of the study will be undertaken by the authors of this protocol article. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Sports Nutr. Crane, F. Biochemical functions of coenzyme Q Crawford, J. The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire PRMQ : normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample. Memory 11, — Dai, Y. Reversal of mitochondrial dysfunction by coenzyme Q 10 supplement improves endothelial function in patients with ischaemic left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial.

Atherosclerosis , — Deichmann, R. Impact of coenzyme Q on parameters of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle performance in older athletes taking statins.

Dumont, M. Alzheimers Dis. Fiocco, A. Plasma F2-isoprostane level and cognitive function over eight years in non-demented older adults: findings from the Health ABC Study. Prostaglandins Leukot. Fatty Acids 84, 57— Floyd, R. Oxidative stress in brain aging: implications for therapeutics of neurodegenerative diseases.

Aging 23, — Folstein, M. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Ghosh, D. Vascular action of polyphenols. Food Res. Golden, T. Oxidative stress and aging: beyond correlation. Aging Cell 1, — Goodwin, J.

Association between nutritional status and cognitive functioning in a healthy elderly population. JAMA , — Gutzmann, H. Neural Transm. Pharmacopsychiatry 35, 12— Hamilton, S. Coenzyme Q 10 improves endothelial dysfunction in statin-treated type 2 diabetic patients.

Diabetes Care 32, — Hoyer, S. The brain insulin signal transduction system and sporadic type II Alzheimer disease: an update. Ishrat, T. Coenzyme Q 10 modulates cognitive impairment against intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin in rats.

Brain Res. Jack, C. Longitudinal MRI findings from the vitamin E and donepezil treatment study for MCI.

Our search found:. Based on limited clinical research, CoQ10 is not likely to prevent dementia or protect the aging brain. Blood levels of CoQ10 were reportedly similar in people with and without mild cognitive impairment, suggesting that there is no association between lowered CoQ10 concentrations and cognitive decline [1].

In a week double-blind randomized clinical trial with 78 Alzheimer's patients, CoQ10 supplementation failed to improve cognitive ability [5]. In small clinical trials, CoQ10 supplementation has also failed to help patients with other neurodegenerative conditions such as Huntington's disease [6] , Parkinson's disease [7] , and ALS Lou Gehrig's disease [8].

CoQ10 is likely safe when used by healthy adults at moderate doses. The few adverse effects reported in trials include nausea, lowered blood sugar, and gastrointestinal problems [9]. CoQ10 supplementation may increase the tolerability of some chemotherapeutic treatments [9].

If CoQ10 supplements are taken simultaneously with blood pressure medication, blood pressure may become too low. CoQ10 may also decrease the effectiveness of warfarin, which would increase the risk of blood clotting. As with most supplements, safety has not been studied with chronic use and different brands may have differences in manufacturing that influence safety and quality.

More information on doses, side effects, and drug interactions with CoQ10 can be found on Drugs. NOTE: This is not a comprehensive safety evaluation or complete list of potentially harmful drug interactions.

It is important to discuss safety issues with your physician before taking any new supplement or medication. CoQ10 is naturally found in foods such as oily fish, organ meats, whole grains, vegetable oil, and fruit [10].

CoQ10 supplements are widely available over-the-counter as oral pills and sprays in the United States. It is also found in many fat emulsion medications used by patients whose diets do not contain enough fat.

Quality Control of Sources: United States Pharmacopeial Convention USP , ConsumerLab , and FDA Information on Dietary Supplements offer information on the quality of specific supplements and assist in finding a trusted brand. NCAAM National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine , Mayo Clinic , and University of Maryland offer additional information on CoQ10 as a dietary supplement, including further information on dosing and safety.

Check for drug-drug and drug-supplement interactions on Drugs. Potential Benefit. For Dementia Patients In a week double-blind randomized clinical trial with 78 Alzheimer's patients, CoQ10 supplementation failed to improve cognitive ability [5]. von Arnim CA, Herbolsheimer F, Nikolaus T et al.

J Alzheimers Dis 31, Heinrich, R. Shetty, R. Sohal, M. Show more. Content provided by Natural Remedies Private Limited Jan White Paper.

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