Increasing nutrient assimilation capacity -
There are two types of iron: heme iron and non-heme iron. Heme iron comes from hemoglobin and myoglobin; it is easily absorbed by the body and mainly derives from animal products like meat, fish, and poultry. Non-heme iron is found primarily in plant foods like nuts, fruits, veggies, grains, and tofu.
Non-heme iron is not as readily absorbed by the body. Some dietary factors have been shown to enhance the absorption of non-heme iron from foods such as ascorbic acid also known as vitamin C.
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Check out a few to get you started:. Vitamin D is essential for getting calcium into your bloodstream and it helps your gut and kidneys absorb it! A deficiency in vitamin D could lead to a calcium deficiency; in this situation, the body must take calcium from its stores in the skeleton, which weakens the existing bone and prevents the formation of new bone.
To avoid deficiencies, make sure you eat foods containing vitamin D and calcium. Adults should be getting 1,, mg of calcium daily through their diet. To absorb calcium more effectively, try pairing vitamin D-rich foods like fatty fish, beef liver, egg yolks, and cheese with calcium-rich foods like dark leafy greens, milk, yogurt, almonds, seeds, beans, lentils, and figs.
Try these awesome calcium-rich recipes:. Many well-known cancer-preventing antioxidants are fat-soluble. These antioxidants are contained in brightly-colored fruits and vegetables — think carrots, leafy greens, and tomatoes.
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Chronic diseases are a bit trickier and may require lifestyle adjustments to relieve symptoms. If it is a food intolerance, you can adjust your diet! Overall, staying active and hydrated, reducing stress levels, and eating whole foods are pillars of living a healthier lifestyle.
Try focusing on one of these areas to improve throughout your daily routine. Much of life is more than what we can see! Learn more ». Call Us Email Us. For a better us. Search Search. Search Close this search box. Recipes and Tips to Increase Nutrient Absorption. May 11, Iron and Vitamin C There are two types of iron: heme iron and non-heme iron.
Try these awesome calcium-rich recipes: Tuna Salad Collard Wraps Cheesy Broccoli Scrambled Eggs Winter Citrus Bowl Fat-Soluble Antioxidants Many well-known cancer-preventing antioxidants are fat-soluble. The surface areas ranged from 6.
The wetlands also ranged from freshwater to saline, with specific conductance values varying from 0. The ambient N and P concentrations measured within transects were generally high in all the measured impoundments, with 0. Total N in the water column ranged from 0.
The NO 3 assimilation rate constants ranged from 0. The PO 4 assimilation rate constants were generally lower than NO 3. They ranged from 0. The plots showing nutrient decline over time can be viewed in Online Resource 1.
Nitrate assimilation was strongly inversely correlated with water depth Fig. Nitrate-N assimilation by multimetric index MMI condition. The center horizontal line denotes the median, with the box showing the bounds of Q1 to Q3.
The whiskers extend to points that are not outliers. Phosphate-P assimilation by multimetric index MMI condition. Phosphate assimilation was negatively correlated with many of the nutrient concentrations.
Our experimental goals were to 1 determine which wetland characteristics are associated with short-term NO 3 and PO 4 assimilation and 2 evaluate whether NO 3 and PO 4 assimilation differs among groups of sites determined to be good, fair, or poor in habitat quality for waterfowl.
The nutrient assimilation rate constants we measured were comparable to others reported within natural wetlands. They calculated an overall removal rate constant based on a continuously stirred tank reactor CSTR model Vollenweider ; Spieles and Mitsch ; Cheng and Basu For natural wetlands, they reported 1.
Our measured nutrient assimilation rate constants ranged from 0. Most of our measured values were higher than the removal rate constants reported in their study.
However, the values reported by Cheng and Basu fall within the range or are close to the range we measured from wetland impoundments. As wetlands are continuously loaded with P, the capacity for P assimilation decreases Reddy et al. In agreement with these findings, we found that higher SRP, water column total P, and soil total P were related to lower PO 4 assimilation rate constants.
In addition, we found PO 4 assimilation rate constants to be lower than NO 3 , similar to our findings in a mesocosm experimental manipulation study Wood et al. Similar results were found in Louisiana, where nutrient assimilation was highest for NO 3 , intermediate for NH 4 , and lowest for PO 4 in a forested wetland Brinson et al.
We also found that PO 4 assimilation was positively correlated with the concentration of dissolved Al in the water column. This finding is not surprising as Al is commonly used to precipitate P in wastewater treatment and remediation efforts de-Bashan and Bashan ; Liu et al.
Hourly in situ measurements of SRP in a large river in Florida showed a strong correlation to DO variation, suggesting photosynthetic organisms control the SRP concentration directly through uptake or indirectly through geochemical reactions Cohen et al.
Factors commonly attributed as being influential to nutrient reduction in wetlands include oxygen concentration, redox, and waterlogging of the soil, as well as vegetation processes and hydraulic loading and retention time Fisher and Acreman We found NO 3 assimilation to be negatively correlated with water depth.
Similar findings have been reported in stream isotope tracer studies Botter et al. This relationship may be found because shallow waters are especially effective at NO 3 removal through coupled nitrification-denitrification Penton et al.
Furthermore, the result is not surprising given that volumetric reaction rates are inversely linked to water depth Tanner et al. It may also be related to higher soil surface-to-water ratio and increased interactions with soil.
Kunickis and others studied the relationship between soil texture and redox potential within riparian buffers. They found that clay-textured soils provided lower redox values within the range for denitrification to occur Kunickis et al.
Phosphate and NO 3 assimilation rate constants were found to be correlated with abiotic variables, including depth, soil texture, and nutrient concentrations.
Differences in plant community composition have been shown to affect N removal Weller et al. NO 3 and PO 4 assimilation were also not different among our calculated MMI condition classes, contrasting our hypothesis that high-quality wetlands in terms of waterfowl habitat would also have a high nutrient removal capacity.
Our previous mesocosm manipulation experiment within wetland impoundments showed that removing aquatic plants did not change NO 3 and PO 4 assimilation rate constants Wood et al. Stapanian and others found that an index of vegetation biological integrity was lower in emergent wetlands with high concentrations of plant available P in the soil.
A limitation of this study is that only one experimental pulse release of nutrients occurred at each site during sampling. It would have been more representative and protected against sampling bias to perform at least three nutrient assimilation experiments at random locations within each wetland.
Due to logistical constraints, we were unable to bring multiple mesocosms to each site. However, in future research, having replication in these measurements would be ideal and allow calculation of a mean assimilation coefficient with a measure of variance for each wetland.
As excessive N and P increasingly lead to eutrophication of surface waters, it is important to understand the factors controlling N and P assimilation in wetlands. Surprisingly, we found that wetland impoundments with a high index of biological integrity did not assimilate more N and P than impoundments in poor biological condition.
Further elucidation of patterns controlling nutrient assimilation or removal in wetland impoundments is needed in future research. Percent removal of N and P could be determined at multiple points in time and space, giving a clearer picture of overall patterns.
For example, it has been shown that the majority of studies have reported wetlands as a sink for nutrients, except those conducted over a year or more or involving frequent sampling during high-flow events. Our results suggest that abiotic variables, including nutrient concentrations within the water column and soil, dissolved oxygen, water depth, and soil texture, should be measured as important factors related to nutrient assimilation.
The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Ameel J, Axler R, Owen C Persulfate digestion for determination of total nitrogen and phosphorus in low-nutrient waters.
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Zar JH Significance testing of the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. J Am Stat Assoc — Download references. Thank you to Toby Hooker, Rebekah Downard, and Jeff Ostermiller from the Utah Division of Water Quality for assistance with site selection, project development, and data analysis protocols.
We are grateful to the federal, state, and private land managers who granted access to wetland impoundments for sampling. We acknowledge the students and staff at the Aquatic Biogeochemistry Lab and National Aquatic Monitoring Center at Utah State University and the Environmental Analytical Lab at Brigham Young University for water and soil sample analysis.
Thanks to Hannah Fouts, Andrew Luymes, Kerri Russell, Adam Norris, Morgan Parkinson, and Emily Gervais for their help in the field. Thank you to Susan Durham, Scott George, and Trevor Williams for assistance in data analysis. This project was funded by the U. Environmental Protection Agency Region 8 via a Wetland Program Development Grant CD to Michelle Baker.
This research was also supported by the U. National Science Foundation PRFB , EAR , and EAR Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA. Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Rachel Wood designed the experiments, collected and analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. Michelle Baker designed the experiments, collected data, and edited the manuscript.
Correspondence to Rachel L. Authors Rachel Wood and Michelle Baker declare they have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Springer Nature or its licensor e.
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