Technoloby Quenching thirst and staying fit Multi-frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis. Watch now! Measurmeent measuring the resistance in the human Quenching thirst and staying fit, meassurement is Metabolism-boosting metabolism plans to control technoogy contact Liver health maintenance plan Leveraging on the ergonomic characteristics of the human body, when an InBody user holds around the hand electrode, current flows from the electrode and voltage is measured at the electrode touched by the thumb. How Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis BIA Works To understand how bioelectrical impedance analysis works, it is important to understand the core concepts of resistance and reactance and how they are used to calculate impedance.

BIA measurement technology -

Therefore, we can calculate the volume of the total body water just by knowing the impedance and the height of individuals. This is also why it is imperative to have an accurate height measurement.

When the human body comes in contact with an electrode, contact resistance occurs. When measuring the resistance in the human body, it is important to control this contact resistance. Leveraging on the ergonomic characteristics of the human body, when an InBody user holds around the hand electrode, current flows from the electrode and voltage is measured at the electrode touched by the thumb.

As the measurement is always taken at the same location on the wrist, this design boasts a high level of reproducibility. Accurate measurement is made possible as there is no interference of the contact resistance the skin regardless of the contact points on the hand. This works the same way the foot electrode, where current flows from the front sole electrode and voltage is measured at the rear sole electrode.

Measurement is always taken at the ankle level. The 8-point touch electrode method using the thumb electrode is a unique feature of InBody devices that produces an exceptionally high reproducibility rate in results.

The 8 points of contact come from the two thumb electrodes, two palm electrodes, two sole electrodes, and two heel electrodes. The anatomical design of the hand electrode creates a simple holding position that is easy to reproduce.

Using a voltage thumb electrode ensures that current measurement always starts at the wrist, same measurement values are returned even when the patient changes the holding position of the electrode or the contact points on the hand.

In this case, both the current electrode and the voltage electrode come in contact with the palm and therefore measurement starting point is not always the same as the electrode is held in different positions.

Traditional BIA systems view the human body as a single cylinder of water, using whole-body impedance to determine total body water. However, this method had a number of flaws: It assumes the distribution of lean body mass and body fat across all segments of the body are constant.

Since impedance is based on length and cross-sectional area, the calculation of TBW is inaccurate because each segment of the body has different length and cross-sectional area.

One of the biggest problems with the one-cylinder method is the lack of a torso measurement. The torso has the lowest length and highest cross-sectional area, which results in a very low impedance typically ohms.

In the whole-body impedance measurement, the torso impedance is ignored and thus the change of the body torso impedance is underestimated. But as the body torso makes up more than half of our body weight, we can say that the whole-body impedance measurement ignores half of the entire body.

As the body torso contains much more water and muscles than the limbs, 1 ohm of torso impedance and 1 ohm of limb impedance can have different implications altogether.

Because each ohm represents a large amount of LBM, a difference of even ohms can lead to great error in the determination of TBW. Some BIA devices only measure the impedance values of two cylinders and estimate the rest. For BIA scales, only your leg values are measured. For BIA handheld devices, only your arm values are measured.

Some BIA devices that say they measure the whole body actually only measure an arm and a leg and estimate the rest of the body. Otherwise, the estimations are leading to large errors in total body water and in turn fat-free mass and lean body mass.

InBody uses varying high and low frequencies to measure intracellular and extracellular water for the most precise total body water analysis. The use of multiple frequencies make InBody devices accurate enough to be trusted for use in the medical field.

Early BIA devices only used the frequency of 50 kHz to calculate total body water. Water is stored throughout the body, and total body water TBW can be divided into 2 compartments:. However, 50 kHz or lower barely pasess through the cell membrane and cannot give an accurate measurement of intracellular water.

Therefore, the intracellular water had to be estimated by calculating it proportionally based on the extracellular water.

The estimation of intracellular water was possible because the typical ratio of intracellular water to extracellular water is about However, elderly and obese patients who require body composition analysis tend to have high ratio of extracellular water, nullifying the ratio.

Thus, when measuring patients, estimating the intracellular water based on the extracellular water with a ratio could result in a serious error.

InBody uses multiple currents at varying frequencies to provide the most precise body water analysis. Electric currents penetrate differently, depending on the frequency. Some frequencies are better suited for measuring body water outside the cell, while others can pass through cell membranes to measure total body water.

In other words, a high-frequency current can pass through the cell membrane well, making it possible to measure both the intra and extracellular water. Inversely, a low-frequency current hardly passes through the cell membrane. Therefore, it tend to flow through extracellular water, measuring extracellular water.

InBody is capable of measuring both the intracellular water and extracellular water as it utilizes multi frequencies from 1 kHz to 1 MHz. Considering that the degree of penetration through the cell membrane differs by frequency, intracellular water can be obtained by direct measurement instead of assumption.

Using multi frequencies provides much more detailed analysis of individual body composition. By differentiating intracellular water and extracellular water, edema index and other figures can be obtained.

This allows the body composition analyzer to be applied in nephrology and rehabilitation area. These equations help compensate for the lack of torso impedance measurement by plugging in empirical data such as age and gender.

These equations take into consideration that as a person ages, their muscle mass will probably decrease and that males tend to have more muscle mass than females.

However, plugging data into an equation does not mean that your specific body composition is being measured. In reality, you probably have more muscle mass than others in your age and gender group, but the empirical estimations will calculate otherwise.

Your results are always predetermined, regardless of your actual body composition. InBody does not need to use empirical equations to calculate your results because InBody body composition analyzers measure your entire body into 5 cylinders, giving you the torso measurement separate from the rest of the body.

You will get the same body composition measurements for muscle mass, fat mass, etc. whether the user is entered as male or female because Inbody measures you for you.

How can you determine if your BIA device uses empirical estimations? Try testing a user twice back-to-back by switching the age or the gender.

If the device yields two different results, it uses empirical estimations. These BIA devices are programmed to always output data that shows that males have more muscle mass than females— regardless of what is actually true. InBodyCanada is the exclusive Canadian distributor for InBody Co.

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It provides tangible data for our clients, enabling them to easily track their body composition to be the best possible version of themselves.

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No empirical estimations It measures your impedance independently, so your results are not affected by your age, gender, ethnicity, athleticism, or body shape.

Learn More. The InBody Story. A Revolution in BIA Technology. Featured Products. In the case of COPD, it has been recognized that it is low fat-free mass FFM further differentiated into body cell mass BCM and extra cellular mass ECM rather than low BMI that should be considered as a critical parameter of disease severity and prognosis [ 10 , 11 ].

Different methods are used for nutritional assessments beyond BMI, such as bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA , skin-fold anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry DEXA [ 12 — 14 ]. BIA is a simple, inexpensive, quick and non-invasive technique for assessing body composition and its changes over time.

BIA is largely used in clinical trial settings and there is a whole series of literature on the theory and methodology of several different BIA techniques [ 15 — 18 ].

Surprisingly enough, however, there is considerable lack of information on the practical aspects of BIA for those primarily interested in learning how to apply and interpret this method in practice. Thus, BIA still is an underused and underestimated tool for nutritional assessment in primary care.

This can be further explained by the fact that the costs of BIA are currently not always refundable [ 12 ] and that there are no guidelines outlining the methods for assessing malnutrition in patients with COPD [ 9 , 19 ].

BIA analysis is simply and effectively complemented by bioelectrical impedance vector analysis BIVA , which is independent of hydration status and can be used as a quality control measure for correct interpretation of BIA results [ 20 , 21 ].

BIVA is a pattern analysis of impedance measurements resistance and reactance plotted as a vector in a coordinate system [ 21 ]. Reference values adjusted for age, BMI and gender are plotted as so-called tolerance ellipses in the coordinate system.

On this basis, a statement can be made with regard to water balance normo-, hypo-, hyperhydration and body cell mass nutritional status [ 14 ]. It reflects a decade of our own practical experience of using single-frequency BIA combined with BIVA with a focus on COPD patients. BIA is a method for estimating body composition.

The principle of BIA is to determine the electric impedance of an electric current passing through the body [ 15 ]. The electrical impedance Z consists of two components, resistance R and reactance Xc.

Reactance is a measure of BCM and resistance a measure of total body water [ 15 , 22 ]. From the determined impedance a number of BIA parameters can be estimated [ 20 ]:.

consists of all cells that have an effect on metabolism e. muscle, internal organs, nervous system. increase or decrease mostly due to increased extracellular water retention or a loss of extracellular water.

The strengths and limitations of different BIA methods e. single frequency, multi-frequency, segmental BIA have been extensively reviewed [ 15 , 16 , 18 , 23 — 25 ]. Our experience is based on single frequency BIA 50 kHz ; the software package we use NUTRIPLUS from Data Input GmbH includes BIVA and adapted reference values.

Detailed instructions for performing BIA measurements can be found elsewhere [ 17 , 18 ]. To give a brief description here, single frequency BIA usually involves the placing of two distal current or signal-introducing electrodes on the dorsal surfaces of the hand and foot close to the metacarpal-phalangeal and metatarsal-phalangeal joints, respectively.

The two voltage sensing electrodes are applied at the pisiform prominence of the wrist and between the medial and lateral maleoli of the ankle. The impedance analyzer delivers a constant alternating current at a fixed kHz frequency via the distal electrodes and detects the drop in voltage via the proximal electrodes.

The measured resistance and reactance are displayed by the analyzer [ 18 ]. Factors impacting BIA results [ 16 , 18 , 20 , 23 , 25 ]:. position of the body and limbs supine position, arms abducted at least 30°, legs abducted at approximately 45°. consumption of food and beverages no beverages for at least 12 hours previously, fasted state for at least 2 hours.

medical conditions and medication that have an impact on the fluid and electrolyte balance; infection and cutaneous disease that may alter the electrical transmission between electrode and skin. non-adherence of electrodes, use of wrong electrodes, loosening of cable clip, interchanging of electrodes.

BIA parameters are largely dependent on the patient's hydration status. BIA enables the above mentioned parameters to be determined in subjects without significant fluid and electrolyte abnormalities [ 15 ].

BIVA as an integrated part of BIA measurement is a simple, quick and clinically valuable method for assessing fluid status TBW and body cell mass BCM.

This method plots the direct impedance measurements resistance R and reactance Xc as a bi-variate vector in a nomogram Figure 1 [ 21 ]. Reference values adjusted for age, BMI and gender are plotted as so-called tolerance ellipses in the same coordinate system.

Three tolerance ellipses are distinguished, corresponding to the 50 th , 75 th and 95 th vector percentile of the healthy reference population [ 22 , 26 ]. Values outside of the 95 th percentile are considered abnormal.

As shown in Figure 1 , values located outside the 95 th percentile in the following four quadrants point to the following conditions [ 20 ]: a right upper quadrant e.

exsiccosis b left lower quadrant e. oedema c right lower quadrant e. malnutrition d left upper quadrant e. good training status. Interpretation of the BIVA nomogram. Age, BMI and gender adjusted reference values are plotted as so-called tolerance ellipses in the coordinate system. Three tolerance ellipses are distinguished, corresponding to the 50 th , 75 th and 95 th vector percentile of the healthy reference population.

Values located outside the 95 th percentile in the following four quadrants point to the following conditions: a right upper quadrant e. good training status modified with permission from Data-Input GmbH. We present below some examples of characteristic BIA findings in COPD patients with their interpretation:.

From personal experience, follow-up measurements examples should be performed every 4 weeks for overweight patients and every weeks for all other cases [ 27 ]. However, this is a decision that must be taken on an individual basis. Patient: female, Interpretation: With a BMI of The measurement point in the BIVA nomogram Figure 2 lies within the 50 th tolerance ellipse and thus indicates normal findings.

Normal finding as illustrated in the BIVA nomogram. The position of the measurement point in the BIVA nomogram within the 50 th tolerance ellipse range of normal values indicates a normal finding. Conclusion: All values in the table are within the normal range and the measurement point in the BIVA nomogram lies within the 50 th tolerance ellipse.

The measurement point in the BIVA nomogram Figure 3 in this patient is well below the line of normal BCM values long axis and above the line of normal TBW values short axis between the 75 th and the 95 th tolerance ellipse.

The position of the measurement point in the lower right quadrant points to malnutrition. Malnutrition in an obese COPD patient as illustrated in the BIVA nomogram. The position of the measurement point in the BIVA nomogram is below the line of normal BCM values long axis and above the line of normal TBW values short axis between the 75 th and 95 th tolerance ellipse.

The position in the lower right quadrant indicates malnutrition. The BIA parameter values listed in table 2 can be interpreted as follows: The fat mass lies above the normal range in line with the increased BMI. BCM lies within the normal range.

At first sight this does not fit in with the finding of the BIVA nomogram, which indicates malnutrition. The fact that the calculated BCM is within the range of normal values here may be explained as follows: It needs to be considered that BCM is dependent on the patient's fluid status TBW.

This means that a BCM within the normal range does not necessarily mean a normal nutritional status but may also be due to increased TBW.

This indicates that BCM is actually reduced. BCM therefore only appears to lie within the range of normal values because of the increased TBW. In contrast to this somewhat complex interpretation of the calculated BIA values, the suspected diagnosis of malnutrition can be established at a glance by BIVA.

In addition, it is confirmed that the calculated BCM is too high because of the increased TBW position of the measurement point in the BIVA nomogram above the line of normal TBW values. Conclusion: Despite the presence of obesity the patient is exhibiting malnutrition.

The position of the measurement point in the BIVA nomogram in the right lower quadrant between the 75 th and the 95 th tolerance ellipse provides an indication for the suspected diagnosis of malnutrition.

The measurement point in the BIVA nomogram Figure 4 in this patient is far below the line of normal BCM values long axis and well above the line of normal TBW values short axis , far outside the 95 th tolerance ellipse. The position of the measurement point in the lower right quadrant points to malnutrition in the form of cachexia.

Cachexia as illustrated in the BIVA nomogram. The position of the measurement point in the BIVA nomogram is far below the line of normal BCM values long axis and well above the line of normal TBW values short axis far outside the 95 th tolerance ellipse.

The position in the lower right quadrant points to cachexia. The BIA parameter values listed in table 3 can be interpreted as follows: The fat mass lies below the normal range in line with the reduced BMI.

The calculated values for BCM und TBW are reduced. It needs to be considered as regards the reduced BCM value that BCM is dependent on the patient's fluid status TBW. This means that a reduced BCM does not necessarily point to malnutrition but may also be due to a low TBW.

In this example also BIVA provides a more efficient assessment of the nutritional status than the calculated BIA parameters. Conclusion: All the values listed in the table are below the normal range and the measurement point in the BIVA nomogram is outside the 95 th tolerance ellipse in the lower right quadrant.

This indicates severe malnutrition in the form of cachexia. The assessment of the BIVA nomogram is sufficient for the suspected diagnosis of cachexia. The measurement point in the BIVA nomogram Figure 5 in this patient is above the line of normal BCM values long axis and well below the line of normal TBW values short axis on the 95 th tolerance ellipse.

The position of the measurement point in the lower left quadrant points to water retention in the form of oedema. Oedema due to right heart failure as illustrated in the BIVA nomogram. The position of the measurement point in the BIVA nomogram is above the line of normal BCM values long axis and well below the line of normal TBW values short axis on the 95 th tolerance ellipse.

The position in the lower left quadrant indicates the presence of increased water retention. The BIA parameter values listed in table 4 can be interpreted as follows: Body fat mass lies above the normal range in line with the increased BMI.

The determined TBW is increased and the calculated BCM lies in the upper range of normal. These findings are consistent with the position of the measurement point above the line of normal BCM values and below the line of normal TBW values in the lower left quadrant.

Use a Quenching thirst and staying fit Scale mwasurement Meet Fitness and Weight Loss Goals. Anisha Measuremet, MD, tecynology a board-certified measuremnet, interventional Grape Infused Cocktails, and fellow of the American College of Cardiology. BIA measurement technology is an measurementt therapist, working in the area of pediatrics with elementary students with special needs in the schools. Her work as an occupational therapist includes: home health, acute care, chronic care, seating and positioning, outpatient rehab, and skilled nursing rehab. Bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA measures body composition based on the rate at which an electrical current travels through the body. Body fat adipose tissue causes greater resistance impedance than lean mass and slows the rate at which the current travels. BIA scales estimate body fat percentage using bioelectrical impedance analysis. BIA is a simple, techbology, and non-invasive Quenching thirst and staying fit measuremejt measuring body composition. BIA measurement technology is, the Organic beauty products of fat, water, and muscle technoology your body. BIA scanner works by sending a small electrical current through the body. The current encounters resistance as it flows through different tissues. Fatty tissue has a high level of resistance, while lean tissue such as muscle has a lower level of resistance. How to calculate BIA?