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Bod Pod: Measuring Body Composition (Body Fat) at the Exercise Physiology Core LaboratoryAir displacement plethysmography machine -
As the body composition of children becomes more similar to that of adults as their age or BMI increases, the difference between the two methods decreases. The effects of obesity status on the measurement of body composition by BIA can cause an increase in relative extracellular water in children and affect the hydration status, resulting in the overestimation of FM measured by BIA 33 , but the difference between BIA and ADP was not statistically significant.
Our findings indicate that the SeeHigher BAS-H MFBIA device produces similar body composition values as ADP. The agreement between FM and FFM measured by the two methods was strong, and with increasing body size including age and BMI , the consistency between BIA and ADP was gradually enhanced.
MFBIA SeeHigher BAS-H, China could provide a portable alternative to ADP in clinical and research settings for the assessment of body composition in older or higher BMI children. Further research is needed to standardize the assessment of body composition in children.
FC conceptualized and designed the study, carried out the analyses, and reviewed and revised the manuscript.
GL conceptualized the study, supervised data analyses, and reviewed the manuscript. LW and YC analyzed the data and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. JW, JL, GH, DH, and ZL were involved in data acquisition and data processing.
XX and TZ conceptualized and supervised data analyses. All authors critically reviewed the manuscript for interpretation and intellectual content and approved the final manuscript as submitted.
This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China, grant number YFF, the public service development and reform pilot project of the Beijing Medical Research Institute, grant number BMR, and the Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Incubating Program, grant number Px The authors thank the children and their parents for their participation in the study.
The authors also thank all team members who contributed to the study. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Supplementary Figure 1. Bland—Altman analysis plots of agreement between FM and FFM stratification by age measured by BIA and ADP. A FM in 3-year-olds. B FM in 4-year-olds.
C FM in 5-year-olds. D FFM in 3-year-olds. E FFM in 4-year-olds. F FFM in 5-year-olds. Supplementary Figure 2. Bland—Altman analysis plots of agreement between FM and FFM stratification by BMI measured by BIA and ADP.
A FM in normal children. B FM in children with overweight. C FM in children with obesity. D FFM in normal children. E FFM in children with overweight. F FFM in children with obesity.
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Citation: Chen F, Wu L, Chen Y, Wang J, Liu J, Huang G, Hou D, Liao Z, Zhang T, Xie X and Liu G A comparison of bioelectrical impedance analysis and air displacement plethysmography to assess body composition in children. Public Health Received: 13 February ; Accepted: 13 June ; Published: 04 July Copyright © Chen, Wu, Chen, Wang, Liu, Huang, Hou, Liao, Zhang, Xie and Liu.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.
No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. com ; Gongshu Liu, liugongshu Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Public Health , 04 July This article is part of the Research Topic The Developmental Origin of Childhood Obesity View all 4 articles. A comparison of bioelectrical impedance analysis and air displacement plethysmography to assess body composition in children.
Introduction Obesity and overweight are defined as an abnormally high or excessive accumulation of fat according to the World Health Organization. Methods Study design and participants The study compared two body composition measurement tools: a MFBIA and b ADP BOD POD. Study protocol To address potential sources of bias, all assessments were conducted by trained data collectors, most of whom were nurses, and school doctors.
In support of this finding, Fields and Goran 34 recently studied 25 children and found body fat estimates by ADP to have no significant bias compared with a four-compartment model currently believed to be superior to DXA.
Among previous studies of the ADP technique, only one small adult study found a significant sex difference. Levenhagen et al.
When subjects are studied by ADP, clothing can decrease measured body volume, and thereby increase body density estimates 7 , This issue is minimized by having the subject wear as little clothing as possible. In our study, girls typically wore a one-piece bathing suit and boys wore underpants but no undershirt.
The bathing suits worn by girls thus generally covered more surface area, which could lead to somewhat greater error in volume measurements. ADP measurement of body composition requires the determination of the amount of air in the lungs during normal tidal breathing, or the average V TG.
The ADP apparatus used in this study is capable of measuring V TG , as described above. However, a few subjects may have difficulty performing the test of V TG adequately; in this case, ADP can provide a predicted V TG.
A study by McCrory et al. Similarly, we found that there were no systematic differences between results using predicted V TG for the 10 subjects who were unable to give an adequate test and those with measured V TG only data not shown. This result is not completely consistent with the findings of Roemmich et al.
In a study of a smaller number of older children, Roemmich et al. In this study, the Lohman age-adjusted model reduced the over-predictions of the Siri model so that the Lohman model estimates became similar to those of DXA.
The reason why results of the current study differ from the results of Roemmich et al. Although DXA has been shown to have excellent concordance with criterion methods of body composition in normal weight children 26 — 28 and obese adults 29 , data demonstrating the accuracy of DXA body fat measurements in obese children do not as yet exist.
Currently accepted gold standard techniques of body composition measurement have many methodological considerations that limit their usefulness. Underwater weighing is time-consuming, requires a lifeguard to be present, and is considered difficult or uncomfortable by subjects. DXA, although not difficult for most subjects, involves radiation exposure and requires costly equipment that may not be available in all settings.
We conclude that in 6- to y-old children, measurements of body fat calculated from application of the Siri equation to ADP density measurements are equivalent to those obtained by DXA in boys, and underestimate the body fat of girls by a small but significant amount.
ADP is superior to available field methods both in its accuracy and limits of agreement, and because of the ease and speed with which it can be performed, may prove useful for investigations of adiposity in children.
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Comparing multicompartment body composition models. J Appl Physiol 83 : — Download references. Unit on Growth and Obesity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, , MD, U.
Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, , MD, U. Nutrition Department, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, , MD, U.
Nuclear Medicine, Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, , MD, U. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Jack A Yanovski.
Supported by ZHD J. and the Office of Research on Minority Health. Yanovski, M. Michael, and N. Sebring are Commissioned Officers in the United States Public Health Service. Reprints and permissions. Nicholson, J. et al. Estimation of Body Fatness by Air Displacement Plethysmography in African American and White Children.
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Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of air displacement plethysmography ADP to estimate body fatness in prepubertal and early pubertal African American and white children. Development and validation of anthropometric-based fat-mass prediction equations using air displacement plethysmography in Mexican infants Article Open access 13 April Digital anthropometry via three-dimensional optical scanning: evaluation of four commercially available systems Article 04 November Longitudinal body composition assessment in healthy term-born infants until 2 years of age using ADP and DXA with vacuum cushion Article 13 February Main Excessive body weight has become increasingly common among children in the United States 1.
METHODS Subjects. RESULTS Subjects' clinical characteristics are shown in Table 1. Figure 1. Full size image. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5.
Abbreviations DXA: dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry ADP: air displacement plethysmography BIA: bioelectrical impedance analysis BF: percent body fat V TG : thoracic gas volume FFM: fat-free mass.
References Troiano RP, Flegal KM Overweight children and adolescents: description, epidemiology, and demographics. Pediatrics : — CAS PubMed Google Scholar [No authors listed] Update: prevalence of overweight among children, adolescents, and adults—United States, — MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 46 : — Freedman DS, Srinivasan SR, Valdez RA, Williamson DF, Berenson GS Secular increases in relative weight and adiposity among children over two decades: the Bogalusa Heart Study.
Pediatrics 99 : — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Roche AF Methodological considerations in the assessment of childhood obesity. Ann NY Acad Sci : 6—17 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Van den Broeck J, Wit JM Anthropometry and body composition in children.
Horm Res 48 : 33—42 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Lohman TG, Harris M, Teixeira PJ, Weiss L Assessing body composition and changes in body composition. Ann NY Acad Sci : 45—54 Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Dempster P, Aitkens S A new air displacement method for the determination of human body composition.
Background: Accurate assessment of body Nutrient absorption in animals BC plethysmobraphy important plthysmography investigate the development of childhood obesity. A displacemeht impedance analysis Virtual refuel services device is portable and inexpensive compared with Thermogenic workout supplement displacement plethysmography IAr for the assessment pkethysmography Air displacement plethysmography machine and plethysmogrwphy widely Mindful nourishment in children. However, studies of the effectiveness of BIA are few and present different results, especially in pediatric populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement between BIA and ADP for estimating BC. Methods: The BC of Chinese children 3—5 years was measured using the BIA device SeeHigher BAS-H, China and ADP BOD POD. The linear regression equation of 5-year-old children was constructed. Conclusion: The SeeHigher BAS-H multi-frequency BIA device is a valid device to evaluate BC in Chinese preschool children compared with ADP BOD PODespecially in 5-year-old children or children with obesity.
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