Oxidative stress markers -
During periods of OS, thiols interact with prooxidant molecules, leading to their transformation into compounds that have reduced reactivity. Thiols enter the oxidation reaction and generate disulfides through the transfer of excess electrons from ROS to thiols. Disulfides participate in the augmentation of OS and weaken the antioxidant system [ 26 ].
Thiol—disulfide exchange reactions are crucial in cellular homeostasis. The transformation of thiols into disulfides is a reversible reaction [ 27 ] [ 28 ]. To evaluate thiol disulfide homeostasis, specific markers are used including native thiol, total thiol, and disulfides [ 29 ].
In recent years, a new marker for protein oxidation, namely, ischemia-modified albumin IMA , has been intensively studied. Albumin, the primary protein found in human plasma, is crucial for maintaining body homeostasis. Its deficiency has been linked to higher mortality rates and an increased risk of acute coronary heart disease.
The albumin can bind certain metals such as cobalt, copper, and nickel to its amino terminal end. When the body undergoes ischemia or OS, the structure of the amino terminal end of albumin is altered. This altered version of albumin is known as IMA [ 30 ] [ 31 ]. Advanced glycation end products AGEs are a diverse group of compounds generated by irreversible nonenzymatic reactions including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids [ 32 ].
Pentosidine, carboxymethyllysine, and methylglyoxal are the most widely known AGEs and are used as biomarkers [ 32 ]. Although they are produced continuously under physiological conditions, they do not accumulate due to receptor systems that bind and remove them.
When high amounts of AGEs accumulate, they can cause various effects such as an alteration in vasoregulation, the accumulation of extracellular matrix, inflammation, and dysregulated expression of growth factors [ 33 ] [ 34 ].
The receptor for advanced glycation end products RAGE is a transmembrane receptor expressed in small amounts in tissues, but its expression increases when its ligands accumulate.
The interaction between AGEs and RAGE leads to the augmentation of OS and the development of an inflammatory process by interrupting normal intracellular signaling pathways [ 35 ]. Measuring the concentrations of oxidant species is difficult, time-consuming, and expensive, therefore, considering that the effects of oxidant molecules are additive, the determination of total oxidant status TOS is preferable [ 36 ].
Along the same line, due to the difficulty of measuring different antioxidant molecules individually and considering their cumulative antioxidant effects, the total antioxidant status TAS of a sample is measured.
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In: Preedy, V. eds General Methods in Biomarker Research and their Applications. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht.
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Policies and ethics. Skip to main content. Abstract The malfunction of the finely tuned homeostatic systems that maintain oxidative balance is part of the pathology of almost every known human disease. Keywords Oxidative Stress Comet Assay Protein Carbonyl Exhale Breath Condensate Systemic Oxidative Stress These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors.
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EGP Oxidative Untangling nutrition myths is injurious to cells causing damage to DNA, Tech gadgets online and lipids. Several assays Oxidatige developed Oxidatove the assessment of total antioxidant Oxivative as well as for Thermogenic energy boost markers. Glutathione Marrkers GSTs Body toning with kettlebells, previously known as ligandins, are a family of eukaryotic and prokaryotic phase II metabolic isozymes best known for their ability to catalyze the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione GSH to xenobiotic substrates for the purpose of detoxification. Measurement of the combined non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity of biological fluids and other samples provides an indication of the overall capability to counteract reactive oxygen species ROSresist oxidative damage and combat oxidative stress-related diseases.
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