Not being active is one of the biggest risk factors for heart disease. You may need to begin with some light exercise, such as walking. Then you can gradually increase how hard you exercise and for how long.

A good goal for many people is to work up to exercising 4 to 6 times a week for 30 to 60 minutes at a time. A minimum of minutes a week is best for good health. Two days of resistance or strength training each week is also recommended for health.

When combined with exercise, a healthy diet can help you lose weight, lower your cholesterol level, and improve the way your body functions. Foods high in dietary fiber should be a regular part of your diet. You should eat several servings of fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain bread every day.

Also, limit the amount of saturated fat, trans fat, sodium salt , and added sugar in your diet. Improving your heath through diet and exercise if often enough to prevent metabolic syndrome. You may also need to take medicine for diabetes, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure. Being proactive about your health will help reduce your risk for heart disease.

National Institutes of Health: What Is Metabolic Syndrome? National Institutes of Health, MedlinePlus: Metabolic Syndrome. This article was contributed by: familydoctor. org editorial staff. This information provides a general overview and may not apply to everyone.

Talk to your family doctor to find out if this information applies to you and to get more information on this subject. Constipation is a common condition that makes it difficult to have a bowel movement. It can be caused by…. Inhalant abuse is a form of substance abuse that involves breathing in or sniffing household products on purpose to….

Visit The Symptom Checker. Read More. Food Poisoning. Acute Bronchitis. Eustachian Tube Dysfunction. Bursitis of the Hip. High Blood Pressure. RSV Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Home Diseases and Conditions Metabolic Syndrome. What is metabolic syndrome?

What is insulin resistance? The fhMetS subjects had significantly lower mean fasting glucose values 4. Based on the comparison of young healthy adults who were children of parents with confirmed MetS, and age- and sex-matched healthy controls without a family history of MetS in the present study, we detected differences in some of the MetS components.

Furthermore, more than half of the adults with a family history of MetS had abnormal body mass, and 1 in 5 were obese. Owing to the similarity in nutritional and physical activity habits between the groups, the high prevalence of abnormal body mass in the adults with a family history of MetS may reflect a predisposition to increased body weight in these individuals.

A number of epidemiological studies have shown a relationship between excess body mass overweight and obesity and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality [ 18 , 19 ]. Moreover, adipose tissue, especially visceral adipose tissue, is related to abnormal lipid metabolism and induces insulin resistance in tissues.

Atherogenic dyslipidemia is characterized by decreased HDL cholesterol concentrations, hypertriglyceridemia, and increased concentrations of small dense LDL particles. A strong positive correlation was found between the risk of cardiovascular disease and both TC and LDL concentrations in healthy men and women as well as in patients with symptomatic CVD [ 20 ].

As with BMI, this is likely related to a family predisposition for abnormal lipid profiles, rather than differences in nutritional and physical activity habits. The European Guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases recommend the use of non-HDL-C as a parameter to quantify the amount of atherogenic lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein B, which allows the prediction of CVD risk to a similar extent or even more accurately than LDL-C [ 5 , 21 ].

Regarding insulin levels, previous studies have demonstrated that, relationships exist between adipose tissue, insulin, the progression of insulin resistance, and hyperinsulinemia, although these relationships have not yet been well defined. A significant relationship has been demonstrated between insulin concentration and the risk of cardiovascular death, independent of other established risk factors, in people without diabetes [ 22 ].

This finding may indicate greater insulin resistance in tissues. However, HOMA-IR did not exceed 2. Experimental and clinical studies have also shown a relationship between adipose tissue and progression to and maintenance of elevated blood pressure [ 23 ]. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III study results demonstrated that the prevalence of arterial hypertension increases with increasing BMI [ 24 ].

A positive correlation has also been found between BMI, lipid disorders, arterial hypertension, and the progression of atherosclerotic plaques in young people. Population studies indicate that a family history of MetS is a marker of a strong genetic predisposition for cardiometabolic complications [ 25 , 26 ].

The results of the WHO—MONICA study, conducted in the French population, suggest that MetS should be assessed as an independent risk factor for the early onset of cardiovascular disease [ 25 ].

In the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study, a family history of diabetes, and arterial hypertension resulted in a predisposition for carbohydrate and lipid metabolic disorders, which was especially true for non-obese individuals [ 26 ].

Such disorders appeared at a young age [ 27 ]. Similar results were demonstrated in the present study, in which there was a tendency for the early development of metabolic disorders in young persons with fhMetS.

Collectively, the results of the present study indicate that abnormal body mass and lipid disorders, including those of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, are the most frequent metabolic disorders in young persons with a family history of MetS.

This study has certain limitations, including a small sample size resulting from very rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria intended to obtain homogenous groups.

The parental history of MetS was confirmed in the fhMetS group and excluded in the control group. However to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study documenting the typical metabolic alterations in MetS in healthy young adult children of parents with confirmed MetS.

The results suggest that early screening for risk factors of MetS, such as overweight and hypercholesterolemia, should be conducted in this group.

However, additional studies are required to confirm our findings. SIGN Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk Estimation and the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease.

A National Clinical Guideline. Report No Tunstall-Pedoe H, Kuulasmaa K, Mähönen M, Tolonen H, Ruokokoski E, Amouyel P, for the WHO MONICA monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease Project: Contribution of trends in survival and coronary-event rates to changes in coronary heart disease mortality: 10 year results from 37 WHO MONICA Project populations.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar. World Health Organization. Pandey AK, Pandey S, Blaha MJ, Agatston A, Feldman T, Ozner M, Santos RD, Budoff MJ, Blumenthal RS, Nasir K: Family history of coronary heart disease and markers of subclinical cardiovascular disease: Where do we stand?.

Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, Graham I, Reiner Z, Verschuren M, Albus C, Benlian P, Boysen G, Cifkova R, Deaton C, Ebrahim S, Fisher M, Germano G, Hobbs R, Hoes A, Karadeniz S, Mezzani A, Prescott E, Ryden L, Scherer M, Syränne M, op Reimer WJ S, Vrints C, Wood D, Zamorano JL, Zannad F: European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice version The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice.

Eur Heart J. Gami AS, Witt BJ, Howard DE, Erwin PJ, Gami LA, Somers VK, Montori VM: Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular events and death.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Lorenzo C, Williams K, HuntK J, Haffner SM: Trend in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its impact on cardiovascular disease incidence: the San Antonio Heart Study.

Diabetes Care. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Hu G, Qiao Q, Tuomilehto J, Balkan B, Borch-Johnsen K, Pyorala K: Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its relation to all- cause and cardiovascular mortality in nondiabetic European men and women.

Arch Intern Med. Park YW, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, Heshka S, Carnethon M, Heymsfield SB: The metabolic syndrome. Prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, — Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar.

Hadaegh F, Hasheminia M, Lotfaliany M, Mohebi R, Azizi F, Tohidi M: Incidence of metabolic syndrome over 9 years follow-up; the importance of sex differences in the role of insulin resistance and other risk factors.

PLoS One. Article PubMed Central CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Article Google Scholar. Alberti KGMM, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, Fruchart JCH, James WPTJ, Loria CM, Smith SC: Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a Joint Interim Statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Hear, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity.

Liayo Y, Kwon S, Shaughnessy S, Wallace P, Hutto A, Jenkins AJ, Klein RL, Garvey WT: Clinical evaluation of adult treatment panel III criteria in identifying insulin resistance with dyslipidemia.

Diabets Care. Reaven GM: The metabolic syndrome: requiescat in pace. Clin Chem. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC: Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and b-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentration in men.

Turconi G, Celsa M, Rezzani C, Biino G, Sartirana MA, Roggi C: Reliability of dietary guestionnaire on food habits, eating behaviour and nutritional knowledge of adolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr. International Physical Activity Questionnaire IPAQ. Pischon T, Boeing H, Hoffman K, Bergmam M, Schulze MB, Overvad K, van der Schouw YT, Spencer E, Moons KGM, Tjønneland A, Halkjaer J, Jensen MK, Stegger J, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault M-C, Chajes V, Linseisen J, Kaaks R, Trichopoulon A, Trichopoulos D, Bamia C, Sieri S, Palli D, Tumino R, Vineis P, Panico S, Peeters PHM, May AM, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, van Duijnhoven FJB: General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe.

N Eng J Med. Article CAS Google Scholar. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ôunpuu S, Bautista L, Franzosi MG, Commerford P, Lang CC, Rumboldt Z, Onen CL, Lisheng L, Tanomsup S, Wangai P, Razak F, Sharma AM, Anand SS: Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27, participants from 52 countries: a case—control study.

Neaton JD, Blackburn H, Jacobs D, Kuller L, Lee D-J, Sherwin R, Shih J, Stamler J, Wentworth D: Serum cholesterol level mortality findings for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group.

Robinson JG, Wang S, Smith BJ, Jacobson TA: Meta-analysis of the relationship between non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction and coronary heart disease risk.

J Am Coll Cardiol. Jandeleit-Dahm KAM, Gray SP: Insulin and cardiovascular disease: biomarker or association?. Bhagat K, Vallance P: Inflammatory cytokines impair endothelium-dependent dilatation in human veins in vivo.

Khoury , R. Valdez; Family History of Diabetes and Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in U. Adults without Diabetes: 6-Year Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey — Public Health Genomics 1 August ; 13 6 : — The influence of family history of diabetes on the odds of having metabolic syndrome has not been estimated for the U.

Our objective was to quantify this association in a national sample of U. adults without diabetes. Methods: The sample included 4, individuals from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES — Familial risk of diabetes was classified in 3 strata according to the combination of relatives affected.

Metabolic syndrome was defined according to guidelines issued by 4 groups or organizations. The prevalence and odds of this syndrome were compared among familial risk strata after controlling for relevant risk factors.

Results: Overall, depending on the definition and after controlling for key variables, people with a moderate familial risk of diabetes, and people with a high familial risk of diabetes were between 1.

Conclusion: In a nationally representative sample of U. adults without diabetes, family history of diabetes shows a significant, independent association with metabolic syndrome and its traits. This association supports the idea that shared genes and environment contribute to the expression of complex traits such as diabetes and the metabolic syndrome.

Sign In or Create an Account. Search Dropdown Menu. header search search input Search input auto suggest. filter your search All Content All Journals Public Health Genomics. Advanced Search. Skip Nav Destination Close navigation menu Article navigation. Volume 13, Issue 6.

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Prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, — Article PubMed Central PubMed Google Scholar.

Hadaegh F, Hasheminia M, Lotfaliany M, Mohebi R, Azizi F, Tohidi M: Incidence of metabolic syndrome over 9 years follow-up; the importance of sex differences in the role of insulin resistance and other risk factors. PLoS One. Article PubMed Central CAS PubMed Google Scholar.

Article Google Scholar. Alberti KGMM, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, Fruchart JCH, James WPTJ, Loria CM, Smith SC: Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a Joint Interim Statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Hear, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity.

Liayo Y, Kwon S, Shaughnessy S, Wallace P, Hutto A, Jenkins AJ, Klein RL, Garvey WT: Clinical evaluation of adult treatment panel III criteria in identifying insulin resistance with dyslipidemia. Diabets Care.

Reaven GM: The metabolic syndrome: requiescat in pace. Clin Chem. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC: Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and b-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentration in men. Turconi G, Celsa M, Rezzani C, Biino G, Sartirana MA, Roggi C: Reliability of dietary guestionnaire on food habits, eating behaviour and nutritional knowledge of adolescents.

Eur J Clin Nutr. International Physical Activity Questionnaire IPAQ. Pischon T, Boeing H, Hoffman K, Bergmam M, Schulze MB, Overvad K, van der Schouw YT, Spencer E, Moons KGM, Tjønneland A, Halkjaer J, Jensen MK, Stegger J, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault M-C, Chajes V, Linseisen J, Kaaks R, Trichopoulon A, Trichopoulos D, Bamia C, Sieri S, Palli D, Tumino R, Vineis P, Panico S, Peeters PHM, May AM, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, van Duijnhoven FJB: General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe.

N Eng J Med. Article CAS Google Scholar. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ôunpuu S, Bautista L, Franzosi MG, Commerford P, Lang CC, Rumboldt Z, Onen CL, Lisheng L, Tanomsup S, Wangai P, Razak F, Sharma AM, Anand SS: Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27, participants from 52 countries: a case—control study.

Neaton JD, Blackburn H, Jacobs D, Kuller L, Lee D-J, Sherwin R, Shih J, Stamler J, Wentworth D: Serum cholesterol level mortality findings for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Robinson JG, Wang S, Smith BJ, Jacobson TA: Meta-analysis of the relationship between non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction and coronary heart disease risk.

J Am Coll Cardiol. Jandeleit-Dahm KAM, Gray SP: Insulin and cardiovascular disease: biomarker or association?. Bhagat K, Vallance P: Inflammatory cytokines impair endothelium-dependent dilatation in human veins in vivo. Brown CD, Higgins M, Donato KA, Rohde FC, Garrison R, Obarzanek E, Horan M: Body mass index and prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia.

Obesity Res. Dallongeville J, Grupposo MC, Cottel D, Ferrieres J, Arveiler D, Bingham A, Ruidavets JB, Haas B, Ducimetière P, Amouyel P: Association between the metabolic syndrome and parental history of premature cardiovascular disease.

Hunt KJ, Heiss G, Sholinsky PD, Province MA, and the FHS Investigators: Familial History of Metabolic Disorders and the Multiple Metabolic Syndrome: The NHLBI Family Heart Study.

Genet Epidemiol. da Silva RC, Miranda WL, Chacra AR, Dib SA: Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in normal glucose tolerant Brazilian Adolescents with family history of type 2 diabetes. Download references. The study was a part of research project supported with a grant of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Republic of Poland N Department of Epidemiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Oczki 3, , Warsaw, Poland.

Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Marszałkowska 24, , Warsaw, Poland. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Anna Lipińska.

AL, PP —acted as the principal investigators and contributed to study design and manuscript preparation, MK-B, KJ, AK, MC, AO-P, EM — assisted in individuals recruitment, data collection and discussions, ZL- performed the statistical analysis and participated in discussion, UD- contributed to laboratory analysis and participated in discussion.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. Reprints and permissions. Lipińska, A. et al. Does family history of metabolic syndrome affect the metabolic profile phenotype in young healthy individuals?.

Diabetol Metab Syndr 6 , 75 Download citation. Received : 04 November Accepted : 06 June Published : 26 June Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

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Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Does family history of metabolic syndrome affect the metabolic profile phenotype in young healthy individuals? Download PDF. Research Open access Published: 26 June Does family history of metabolic syndrome affect the metabolic profile phenotype in young healthy individuals?

Abstract Background Early identification of high-risk individuals is key for the prevention of cardiovascular disease CVD.

Methods We studied CVD risk factors in 90 healthy volunteers, aged 27—39 years; of these, 78 had fhMetS and 12 were without fhMetS control group. Results Despite similar nutritional and physical activity habits, abnormal body mass was found in Background Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease CVD continues to be a major cause of premature mortality worldwide and is considered by the Wold Health Organization WHO to be a major chronic, noncommunicable disease that results in global socioeconomic burden.

Material and methods Subjects and study design The study sample consisted of 90 healthy subjects 50 women, 40 men aged 27 — 39 years with no clinical signs of atherosclerosis. Biochemical measurements Venous blood was collected in the morning, after fasting for at least 8 hours.

Blood pressure measurements Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring hour ABPM was performed using the Spacelabs ABPM system every 20 minutes during the day 6 am—10 pm and every 30 minutes at night 10 pm—6 am. Nutritional habits and physical activity assessment All subjects completed standardized questionnaires regarding nutritional and physical activity habits [ 16 , 17 ].

Statistical analysis Data are presented as median and interquartile range. Results No differences were found between the groups in nutritional habits or level of physical activity.

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the studied groups medians and IQR Full size table. Table 2 Parameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in studied groups medians and IQR Full size table. Table 4 The characteristics of study groups according to ABPM values medians and IQR Full size table.

Discussion Based on the comparison of young healthy adults who were children of parents with confirmed MetS, and age- and sex-matched healthy controls without a family history of MetS in the present study, we detected differences in some of the MetS components.

References SIGN Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. March 24, Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic Press Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press.

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A number of factors can act together to cause metabolic syndrome. A person who takes in too many calories and too much saturated fat and does not get enough physical activity may develop metabolic syndrome. Other causes include insulin resistance and a family history of the risk factors for metabolic syndrome.

Your doctor will do a physical exam and blood tests. He or she can diagnosis metabolic syndrome if at least 3 of the following are true:. A healthy lifestyle can help prevent metabolic syndrome.

It also includes getting more physical activity and eating a healthy diet. Also, if you smoke, you should stop. If you already have metabolic syndrome, making these healthy lifestyle choices can help reduce your risk of heart disease and other health problems.

Your doctor can measure your body mass index BMI to determine a healthy weight for your height. Carrying extra weight in your abdomen is especially unhealthy. Losing this weight or exchanging it for muscle weight will improve health.

Not being active is one of the biggest risk factors for heart disease. You may need to begin with some light exercise, such as walking. Then you can gradually increase how hard you exercise and for how long.

A good goal for many people is to work up to exercising 4 to 6 times a week for 30 to 60 minutes at a time. A minimum of minutes a week is best for good health.

Two days of resistance or strength training each week is also recommended for health. When combined with exercise, a healthy diet can help you lose weight, lower your cholesterol level, and improve the way your body functions. Foods high in dietary fiber should be a regular part of your diet.

You should eat several servings of fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain bread every day. Also, limit the amount of saturated fat, trans fat, sodium salt , and added sugar in your diet.

Improving your heath through diet and exercise if often enough to prevent metabolic syndrome. You may also need to take medicine for diabetes, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure.

Being proactive about your health will help reduce your risk for heart disease. National Institutes of Health: What Is Metabolic Syndrome?

National Institutes of Health, MedlinePlus: Metabolic Syndrome. This article was contributed by: familydoctor. org editorial staff.

This information provides a general overview and may not apply to everyone. Talk to your family doctor to find out if this information applies to you and to get more information on this subject.

Constipation is a common condition that makes it difficult to have a bowel movement.