Antimicrobial and antifungal properties -
In medicine, they are used as a treatment for infections such as athlete's foot , ringworm and thrush and work by exploiting differences between mammalian and fungal cells. Unlike bacteria, both fungi and humans are eukaryotes.
Thus, fungal and human cells are similar at the molecular level, making it more difficult to find a target for an antifungal drug to attack that does not also exist in the host organism.
Consequently, there are often side effects to some of these drugs. Some of these side effects can be life-threatening if the drug is not used properly. As well as their use in medicine, antifungals are frequently sought after to control indoor mold in damp or wet home materials.
Sodium bicarbonate baking soda blasted on to surfaces acts as an antifungal. Another antifungal solution applied after or without blasting by soda is a mix of hydrogen peroxide and a thin surface coating that neutralizes mold and encapsulates the surface to prevent spore release.
Some paints are also manufactured with an added antifungal agent for use in high humidity areas such as bathrooms or kitchens. Other antifungal surface treatments typically contain variants of metals known to suppress mold growth e.
pigments or solutions containing copper , silver or zinc. These solutions are not usually available to the general public because of their toxicity. Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections.
Like antibiotics, specific antivirals are used for specific viruses. They should be distinguished from viricides , which actively deactivate virus particles outside the body. Many antiviral drugs are designed to treat infections by retroviruses , including HIV.
Important antiretroviral drugs include the class of protease inhibitors. Herpes viruses , best known for causing cold sores and genital herpes , are usually treated with the nucleoside analogue acyclovir. Viral hepatitis is caused by five unrelated hepatotropic viruses A-E and may be treated with antiviral drugs depending on the type of infection.
Some influenza A and B viruses have become resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir , and the search for new substances continues. Antiparasitics are a class of medications indicated for the treatment of infectious diseases such as leishmaniasis , malaria and Chagas disease , which are caused by parasites such as nematodes , cestodes , trematodes and infectious protozoa.
Antiparasitic medications include metronidazole , iodoquinol and albendazole. Broad-spectrum therapeutics are active against multiple classes of pathogens.
Such therapeutics have been suggested as potential emergency treatments for pandemics. A wide range of chemical and natural compounds are used as antimicrobials. Organic acids and their salts are used widely in food products, e. lactic acid , citric acid , acetic acid , either as ingredients or as disinfectants.
For example, beef carcasses often are sprayed with acids, and then rinsed or steamed, to reduce the prevalence of Escherichia coli. In recent years, the antimicrobial activity of coordination compounds has been investigated.
Traditional herbalists used plants to treat infectious disease. Many of these plants have been investigated scientifically for antimicrobial activity, and some plant products have been shown to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms.
A number of these agents appear to have structures and modes of action that are distinct from those of the antibiotics in current use, suggesting that cross-resistance with agents already in use may be minimal. Copper-alloy surfaces have natural intrinsic antimicrobial properties and can kill microorganisms such as E.
coli and Staphylococcus. Many essential oils included in herbal pharmacopoeias are claimed to possess antimicrobial activity, with the oils of bay , cinnamon , clove and thyme reported to be the most potent in studies with foodborne bacterial pathogens.
According to the U. Environmental Protection Agency EPA , and defined by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act , antimicrobial pesticides are used to control growth of microbes through disinfection, sanitation, or reduction of development and to protect inanimate objects, industrial processes or systems, surfaces, water, or other chemical substances from contamination, fouling, or deterioration caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, or slime.
These pesticide products are registered under the premise that, when used properly, they do not demonstrate unreasonable side effects to humans or the environment. Even once certain products are on the market, the EPA continues to monitor and evaluate them to make sure they maintain efficacy in protecting public health.
Public health products regulated by the EPA are divided into three categories: [38]. Antimicrobial pesticides have the potential to be a major factor in drug resistance.
Workers are advised to minimize exposure to these agents by wearing personal protective equipment such as gloves and safety glasses.
Additionally, it is important to follow the handling instructions properly, as that is how the EPA has deemed them as safe to use. Employees should be educated about the health hazards and encouraged to seek medical care if exposure occurs.
Ozone can kill microorganisms in air, water and process equipment and has been used in settings such as kitchen exhaust ventilation, garbage rooms, grease traps, biogas plants , wastewater treatment plants, textile production, breweries , dairies , food and hygiene production, pharmaceutical industries , bottling plants, zoos, municipal drinking-water systems, swimming pools and spas, and in the laundering of clothes and treatment of in—house mold and odors.
Antimicrobial scrubs can reduce the accumulation of odors and stains on scrubs, which in turn improves their longevity. These scrubs also come in a variety of colors and styles. As antimicrobial technology develops at a rapid pace, these scrubs are readily available, with more advanced versions hitting the market every year.
Elements such as chlorine, iodine, fluorine, and bromine are nonmetallic in nature and constitute the halogen family. Each of these halogens have a different antimicrobial effect that is influenced by various factors such as pH, temperature, contact time, and type of microorganism. Chlorine and iodine are the two most commonly used antimicrobials.
Chlorine is extensively used as a disinfectant in the water treatment plants, drug, and food industries. In wastewater treatment plants, chlorine is widely used as a disinfectant. It oxidizes soluble contaminants and kills bacteria and viruses.
It is also highly effective against bacterial spores. The mode of action is by breaking the bonds present in these microorganisms. When a bacterial enzyme comes in contact with a compound containing chlorine, the hydrogen atom in that molecule gets displaced and is replaced with chlorine.
This thus changes the enzyme function which in turn leads to the death of the bacterium. Iodine is most commonly used for sterilization and wound cleaning. The three major antimicrobial compounds containing iodine are alcohol-iodine solution, an aqueous solution of iodine, and iodophors.
Iodophors are more bactericidal and are used as antiseptics as they are less irritating when applied to the skin. Bacterial spores on the other hand cannot be killed by iodine, but they can be inhibited by iodophors.
The growth of microorganisms is inhibited when iodine penetrates into the cells and oxidizes proteins, genetic material, and fatty acids. Bromine is also an effective antimicrobial that is used in water treatment plants.
When mixed with chlorine it is highly effective against bacterial spores such as S. Alcohols are commonly used as disinfectants and antiseptics. Alcohols kill vegetative bacteria, most viruses and fungi. Ethyl alcohol, n-propanol and isopropyl alcohol are the most commonly used antimicrobial agents.
Escherichia coli , Salmonella , and Staphylococcus aureus are a few bacteria whose growth can be inhibited by alcohols. Alcohols are not quite efficient when it comes to spores. The mode of action is by denaturing the proteins. Alcohols interfere with the hydrogen bonds present in the protein structure.
Alcohols also dissolve the lipid membranes that are present in microorganisms. Alcohols are cheap and effective antimicrobials. They are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry.
Alcohols are commonly used in hand sanitizers, antiseptics, and disinfectants. Phenol also known as carbolic acid was one of the first chemicals which was used as an antimicrobial agent. It has high antiseptic properties. It is bacteriostatic at concentrations of 0.
They are active against a wide range of bacteria, fungi and viruses. Today phenol derivatives such as thymol and cresol are used because they are less toxic compared to phenol.
These phenolic compounds have a benzene ring along with the —OH group incorporated into their structures. They have a higher antimicrobial activity.
These compounds inhibit microbial growth by precipitating proteins which lead to their denaturation and by penetrating into the cell membrane of microorganisms and disrupting it. Phenolic compounds can also deactivate enzymes and damage the amino acids in microbial cells.
Phenolics such as fentichlore, an antibacterial and antifungal agent are used as an oral treatment for fungal infections. Trischlosan is highly effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Hexachlorophene Bisphenol is used as a surfactant. It is widely used in soaps, handwashes, and skin products because of its antiseptic properties.
It is also used as a sterilizing agent. Cresol is an effective antimicrobial and is widely used in mouthwashes and cough drops. Phenolics have high antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
It is not used on the packing materials however. Ihloff and Kalitzki find a small but measurable amount remains in the skin of fruits processed in this manner. They are highly effective against bacteria, fungi and viruses.
Aldehydes inhibit bacterial growth by disrupting the outer membrane. They are used in the disinfection and sterilization of surgical instruments. Being highly toxic they are not used in antiseptics. Currently, only three aldehyde compounds are of widespread practical use as disinfectant biocides, namely glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, and ortho-phthalaldehyde OPA despite the demonstration that many other aldehydes possess good antimicrobial activity.
Microorganisms have a minimum temperature, an optimum, and a maximum temperature for growth. Different organisms show different degrees of resistance or susceptibility to heat or temperature, some organisms such as bacterial endospore are more resistant while vegetative cells are less resistant and are easily killed at lower temperatures.
This process involves the exposure to a temperature of degrees Celsius for an hour, on each for several days. Bacterial endospores can be killed using this method. Both dry and moist heat are effective in eliminating microbial life. For example, jars used to store preserves such as jam can be sterilized by heating them in a conventional oven.
Heat is also used in pasteurization , a method for slowing the spoilage of foods such as milk, cheese, juices, wines and vinegar.
Such products are heated to a certain temperature for a set period of time, which greatly reduces the number of harmful microorganisms. Low temperature is also used to inhibit microbial activity by slowing down microbial metabolism. Foods are often irradiated to kill harmful pathogens. Desiccation is also known as dehydration.
It is the state of extreme dryness or the process of extreme drying. Some microorganisms like bacteria, yeasts and molds require water for their growth. Desiccation dries up the water content thus inhibiting microbial growth. On the availability of water, the bacteria resume their growth, thus desiccation does not completely inhibit bacterial growth.
The instrument used to carry out this process is called a desiccator. This process is widely used in the food industry and is an efficient method for food preservation. Desiccation is also largely used in the pharmaceutical industry to store vaccines and other products.
These surfaces are especially important for the healthcare industry. Molecular dynamics simulation and time-lapse imaging are typically used to investigate these mechanisms.
Learn more:. Resistant fungi are a growing public health threat. Everyone—including CDC scientists, healthcare professionals, and the general public—has a role to play in preventing resistant fungal infections.
Through these investments, CDC is transforming how the nation combats and slows antimicrobial resistance at all levels. CDC Actions to Prevent the Spread of Antifungal Resistance [PDF — 2 pages]. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to search. Español Other Languages. Antimicrobial-Resistant Fungi.
Minus Related Pages. On This Page. The problem What causes resistance Types of resistant fungi Tackling resistance Related Links. Medical illustration of Candida spp.
Candida auris. Tackling antimicrobial-resistant fungi Resistant fungi are a growing public health threat. Related Links. Candida auris isolates resistant to three classes of antifungal medications — New York, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep ;—9 Lortholary O, Desnos-Ollivier M, Sitbon K, Fontanet A, Bretagne S, Dromer F, et al.
Recent exposure to caspofungin or fluconazole influences the epidemiology of candidemia: a prospective multicenter study involving 2, patients.
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BMC Non-pharmaceutical anxiety relief Medicine propertiws Therapies volume 21Article number: Propertjes this article. Metrics details. Non-pharmaceutical anxiety relief resistance antifungwl contributed to the burden of infectious diseases both Antimicrpbial the hospital and community setting, and antifkngal a great Stay hydrated, stay healthy to public health. Previous studies have revealed Antimicrobial and antifungal properties properrties of reactive oxygen species as intermediate mediators of tissue damage, following antibiotherapies, indicating the need of associating antioxidants to these treatments. Therefore, the present work was designed to study the antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of extracts and compounds from Rumex abyssinicus Jacq. Polygonaceaeas well as to investigate the antibacterial mechanisms of action of the most effective agents. The plant extracts were prepared by maceration in organic solvents followed by column chromatography of the EtOAc fraction and purification of different fractions which led to the isolation and characterization of pure compounds. Editor-in-Chief: Atta-ur-RahmanFRS Honorary Greek yogurt for diabetics Fellow Kings College University of Cambridge Cambridge UK. ISSN Print : Non-pharmaceutical anxiety relief Online : X. DOI: antifungao In recent years antifungak has been an increasing interest in the use of natural substances, and some questions concerning the safety of synthetic compounds have encouraged more detailed studies of plant resources. Essential oils, odorous and volatile products of plant secondary metabolism, have a wide application in folk medicine, food flavouring and preservation as well as in fragrance industries.
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Antimicrobial activity of Plants/Clearing zone/Disc and well method/Medicinal plants/MicrobiologyAntimicrobial and antifungal properties -
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Financial support from the RWTH Aachen University MCHG, NH, RL, AJS and the University of the Saarland, Saarbrücken RL, CJ is gratefully acknowledged. Ulrike Noll is gratefully acknowledged for excellent technical support.
Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, , Aachen, Germany. Roman Leontiev, Nils Hohaus, Martin C. Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, , Saarbrücken, Germany.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. performed the experiments, prepared the Figures and wrote parts of the manuscript, N. performed some experiments, C. provided N. facilities and supervised R. wrote parts of the manuscript, A. wrote the manuscript and supervised R.
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Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. nature scientific reports articles article. Download PDF. Subjects Antibiotics Small molecules. Abstract Allicin diallylthiosulfinate is a defence molecule from garlic Allium sativum L.
Introduction Garlic has been used since ancient times for its health beneficial properties and modern research has provided a scientific basis for this practice 1 , 2 , 3. Figure 1. Full size image. Figure 2.
Results and Discussion Comparison of the physical properties of DMTS, DETS, DATS, DPTS and DBTS The structures and the physical properties of the test substances dimethyl- DMTS , diethyl- DETS , diallyl- DATS, allicin , dipropyl- DPTS and dibenzyl- DBTS thiosulfinate are summarized in Fig.
Figure 3. Physical properties of different thiosulfinates. Full size table. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9.
Figure Materials and Methods Materials MSDS was purchased from Acros Chemicals Geel, Belgium. Synthesis of Dimethylthiosulfinate DMTS Dimethyldisulfide 1. Conclusions and Perspective Based on allicin diallylthiosulfinate, DATS as the lead compound, a comprehensive investigation of the antibiotic properties of molecules with a thiosulfinate functional group and symmetrical side chains modifying their physical properties log P , diffusivity showed that: All thiosulfinates tested exhibit a degree of antimicrobal activity comparable to allicin, but absolute activities depended on the conditions used in the individual tests.
Except for DBTS all the thiosulfinates tested were more heat-stable than allicin. Antimycotic activity was higher than antibacterial activity for the thiosulfinates tested.
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Acknowledgements Financial support from the RWTH Aachen University MCHG, NH, RL, AJS and the University of the Saarland, Saarbrücken RL, CJ is gratefully acknowledged. Author information Authors and Affiliations Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, , Aachen, Germany Roman Leontiev, Nils Hohaus, Martin C.
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Copy to clipboard. Trischlosan is highly effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Hexachlorophene Bisphenol is used as a surfactant.
It is widely used in soaps, handwashes, and skin products because of its antiseptic properties. It is also used as a sterilizing agent. Cresol is an effective antimicrobial and is widely used in mouthwashes and cough drops.
Phenolics have high antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is not used on the packing materials however.
Ihloff and Kalitzki find a small but measurable amount remains in the skin of fruits processed in this manner.
They are highly effective against bacteria, fungi and viruses. Aldehydes inhibit bacterial growth by disrupting the outer membrane. They are used in the disinfection and sterilization of surgical instruments. Being highly toxic they are not used in antiseptics.
Currently, only three aldehyde compounds are of widespread practical use as disinfectant biocides, namely glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, and ortho-phthalaldehyde OPA despite the demonstration that many other aldehydes possess good antimicrobial activity. Microorganisms have a minimum temperature, an optimum, and a maximum temperature for growth.
Different organisms show different degrees of resistance or susceptibility to heat or temperature, some organisms such as bacterial endospore are more resistant while vegetative cells are less resistant and are easily killed at lower temperatures.
This process involves the exposure to a temperature of degrees Celsius for an hour, on each for several days. Bacterial endospores can be killed using this method. Both dry and moist heat are effective in eliminating microbial life. For example, jars used to store preserves such as jam can be sterilized by heating them in a conventional oven.
Heat is also used in pasteurization , a method for slowing the spoilage of foods such as milk, cheese, juices, wines and vinegar.
Such products are heated to a certain temperature for a set period of time, which greatly reduces the number of harmful microorganisms. Low temperature is also used to inhibit microbial activity by slowing down microbial metabolism. Foods are often irradiated to kill harmful pathogens.
Desiccation is also known as dehydration. It is the state of extreme dryness or the process of extreme drying. Some microorganisms like bacteria, yeasts and molds require water for their growth. Desiccation dries up the water content thus inhibiting microbial growth.
On the availability of water, the bacteria resume their growth, thus desiccation does not completely inhibit bacterial growth. The instrument used to carry out this process is called a desiccator.
This process is widely used in the food industry and is an efficient method for food preservation. Desiccation is also largely used in the pharmaceutical industry to store vaccines and other products. These surfaces are especially important for the healthcare industry. Molecular dynamics simulation and time-lapse imaging are typically used to investigate these mechanisms.
Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to prevent a solvent from passing from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration through a semipermeable membrane. When the concentration of dissolved materials or solute is higher inside the cell than it is outside, the cell is said to be in a hypotonic environment and water will flow into the cell.
This plasmolysis and plasmotysis kills bacteria because it causes change in osmotic pressure. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk.
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January Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main articles: Antimicrobial properties of copper and Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces.
Main article: Ozone Applications. Main articles: Dry heat sterilization and Moist heat sterilization. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Archived from the original on 24 April Retrieved February Mayo Clinic Proceedings.
doi : PMC PMID Archived from the original on Irish Journal of Medical Science. S2CID Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, inc. Retrieved 24 February The British Journal of Experimental Pathology.
The Nobel Prize Organization. Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy 48th ed. Antimicrobial Therapy Incorporated. ISBN difficile infection". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology.
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases. Challenges for the Development of New Antibiotics — Rethinking the Approaches. National Academies Press. ISSN June Science of the Total Environment.
Bibcode : ScTEn. Hajime Current Medicinal Chemistry. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery.
January Journal of Food Protection. Frontiers in Microbiology. ISSN X. Carla; Cinellu, Maria A. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. Annals of Medicine. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology.
Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 20 March Retrieved 2 April Washington, DC: EPA Press Office. Archived from the original on 22 March ACS Nano.
Letters in Applied Microbiology. Phytotherapy Research. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. Environmental Protection Agency. Pesticide Outlook. Indian Journal of Medical Research.
WHO Departmental News. Geneva, Nairobi, Paris, Rome. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Food Control. AIHA Journal. Pathogens and Global Health. August ex Schult, Leucas aspera Wild. ex Schult". It is possible that the sample we used had a lower concentration of the relevant compounds; it has previously been shown that the EOs of plants belonging to the same species, but collected from different places can exhibit different antimicrobial activity It should be noted that the disc-diffusion method is limited by the hydrophobic nature of most EOs, which prevents their uniform diffusion through the agar medium.
Therefore, most researchers prefer liquid medium methods The EOs of OR, TY, CL and AR exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms in liquid medium, as it has been previously described 3 , It is also quite interesting that no bacterial strain tested was resistant to any of the EOs studied.
Some studies have reported that EOs tend to act more strongly on Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria 2 , 3 , 4 , 44 , presumably due to differences in cell wall composition There is no general rule with respect to Gram sensitivity: the literature reports many conflicting studies showing that some Gram-negative strains are more sensitive than some Gram-positive ones to certain EOs 21 , 36 , For example, Preuss et al.
coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Origanum syriacum L. and Syzygium aromaticum L. EOs were effective against the Gram-negative bacteria E. coli OH7, Y.
enterocolitica O9, Proteus spp. pneumoniae Our results have also shown that some Gram-negative bacteria E. fragi are sensitive to OR, TY, CL, AR. Antifungal activity of EOs was determined by direct contact assay and also we tested their antifungal properties in the vapor phase.
In a previous study, MICs of thyme red, clove, sage and lavender, for aspergilli and penicillin, ranged from 0.
Our results revealed that all tested fungal strains showed higher susceptibility MICs of OR, TY, CL and AR EOs ranged from 0. The volatile components of OR, TY, CL and AR showed fungicidal activity while the LA and SA vapors demonstrated fungistatic activity. These results are very different from the direct contact assay, where LA and SA were unsuccessful in inhibiting the growth of the tested strains.
There is growing evidence that EOs in the vapor phase are more effective against fungi than in the liquid phase 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , Thyme EOs vapours have been shown to be effective against Aspergillus sp.
and Penicillium sp. The high antifungal activity of vapour evidenced in our study is in accordance with previous finding 48 , which showed that thyme and clove oils were more effective in vapour state against A.
AR vapors displayed comparable results to OR, TY and CL in spite of its lack of phenolic compounds and its high concentration of monoterpens, which are normally considered to be less effective antimicrobial substances The link between the most abundant constituent type and the antimicrobial activity is somewhat variable; for example, Inouye et al.
Most EOs are safe and free of adverse side effects when used properly The most important safety factor for EOs is their dosage. EOs have shown antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo and low toxicity 50 , On the other hand, it has also been shown that high concentrations of some EOs contributed to harmful changes in the body We have demonstrated the EOs do have cytotoxic effect, but only at higher concentrations on HEL human embryonic lung cells under in vitro conditions.
In other cell lines human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2, human keratinocytes HaCaT, human melanoma cell line HMB-2 , the cytotoxic effect of LA EO was detected at a slightly higher concentration ~ IC 50 Finally, LA at high concentration was genotoxic to peripheral human lymphocytes 54 and to human monocyte THP-1 cells The level of DNA single-strand breaks induced in HEL cells by these EOs was determined using a Comet assay.
Treatment with most EOs alone did not induce any significant increase in DNA strand breaks over the untreated control cells; the single exception was the highest concentration of AR EO examined 0. Similarly, it was recently shown that plant extracts of S.
officinalis and T. vulgaris did not induce DNA damage in HepG2 cells or primary rat hepatocytes 57 , This study provides a broad range of information about the biological activities of EOs.
It determined the biocidal efficiency of six EOs from OR, TY, CL, AR, LA and SA against five different fungal and nine different bacterial strains. In order to verify the potential risk of EOs to human cells, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of each of these EOs on human HEL lung cells was assessed for the first time.
Of the six EOs studied, OR, TY, CL, and AR were highly effective against all bacterial strains tested. LA and SA exhibited no antifungal activity by direct contact, but did show a fungistatic effect in the vapor phase.
OR, TY, and AR exhibited important fungicidal activity against all strains tested; CL showed fungicidal activity against most strains, but only a fungistatic effect on P. The assayed EOs are not considered cytotoxic as judged by the criteria set by the National Cancer Institute and appeared not to damage the DNA of HEL cells.
The data reported in this study show that EOs might provide an alternative way to fight microbial contamination and that they can be considered safe for humans at relatively low concentrations. Generally, it is possible to recommend the use of EOs for various environmental disinfection strategies, but only after accurate in vitro trials, such as those described in this investigation.
The commercially available EOs used in this work were OR from O. vulgare L. vulgaris L. caryophyllata L. angustifolia Mill. sclarea L. plicata Donn. all from doTERRA, Pleasant Grove, USA. The EOs were stored in amber glass vials and sampled using sterile pipet tips to minimize contamination and oxygen exposure.
The EO antimicrobial activities were investigated against different clinical and food-borne bacterial pathogens: S. aureus FRIC , L. monocytogenes FRIC , E. faecalis FRIC ; E. coli FRIC , S. typhimurium FRIC , and Y.
enterocolitica FRIC 30 ; environmental bacterial strains from our own collection were also examined, including B. cereus , P. fragi , and A. The fungal strains used in this study Ch. globosum , P. cladosporioides , A. alternata , A.
fumigatus were air-borne isolates from our laboratory collection. The chemicals and media used for cell cultivation were purchased from Gibco BRL Paisley, UK. A disc-diffusion assay was used to determine the growth inhibition of bacteria by EOs.
Sterile filter paper discs 6 mm Ø Whatman No. A pure DMSO control was included with each test to ensure that microbial growth was not inhibited by DMSO itself.
The sensitivity was classified according to Ponce et al. Each test was performed in three replicates. The MIC and MBC of each EO was determined using a broth microdilution method in well strip tubes with transparent strip-caps according to Poaty et al. For each dilution, the same volume as the full-strength sample was added.
One hundred microliters of bacterial suspension was finally added to each. MIC was determined as the lowest concentration of EO that inhibited visible growth of the tested microorganism.
Growth of bacterial cells in each of the wells was verified by color change. When bacterial growth occurred absence of inhibition , the INT changed from clear to purple. Wells with DMSO alone were used as controls. MBC is the lowest concentration of EO that results in microbial death. It was determined by subculturing from wells that exhibited no color change to sterile MHA plates that do not contain the test EO.
Fungal suspensions were prepared according to De Lira Mota et al. The resulting mixture of sporangiospores and hyphal fragments was withdrawn and transferred to a sterile tube. Filter paper discs 6 mm Ø Whatman No. For each dilution, the same volume as the full-strength sample was placed on the sterile disc.
Inhibition zone diameters were measured in mm. An inhibition zone larger than 1 mm was taken to indicate a positive effect. The procedure reported by Thompson 61 was used to determine whether a given EO possessed only a fungistatic effect or if it also had fungicidal activity.
The center of each solidified medium was inoculated upside down with 6-mm square mycelial plugs cut from the periphery of 7-day-old cultures. Positive controls were simultaneously run with DMSO and without EO. The lowest concentration of each EO that completely prevented visible fungal growth and allowed a revival of fungal growth during the transfer experiment was considered the MIC for that EO.
This effect was identified as fungistatic. The concentration unfavorable for growth revival during the transfer experiment was taken as the MFC and this effect was identified as fungicidal. Seven days after reinoculation, the inhibited fungal mycelial plugs were once again reinoculated into fresh MEB without EO to see if their growth revived.
No growth was taken to confirm again the fungicidal activity and also to suggest a possible sporocidal effect. In order to determine the fungistatic or fungicidal activity of volatized EOs, 6 mm squares of growing fungal mycelia were taken from the margin of the active growth area of fungal colonies and placed onto MEA plates.
The radial mycelial growth of the fungus was then checked. The effect was identified as fungistatic if growth was observed after the new incubation period, and fungicidal if no growth was observed The effect was also confirmed by reinoculating the inhibited fungal mycelial plugs into fresh MEB without EO.
The MTT test is a colorimetric method for measuring the activity of the mitochondrial enzymes that reduce MTT, a yellow tetrazole, to purple formazan. This reduction takes place only when reductase enzymes are active, and therefore conversion is often used as a measure of viable living cells.
At least 4 parallel wells were used for each sample. Cells were then exposed to different EO concentrations 0. After the treatment, the cells were washed, trypsinized, re-suspended in a fresh culture medium and the level of DNA lesions was detected using the single cell gel electrophoresis SCGE , also known as comet assay alkaline.
The procedure of Singh et al. After solidification of the gel, the cover slips were removed and placed in lysis solution 2. Louis, MO. EtBr-stained nucleoides were examined with a Zeiss Imager Z2 fluorescence microscope with computerized image analysis Metafer 3.
The percentage of DNA in the tail was used as a parameter for estimating the number of DNA strand breaks. One hundred comets were scored for each sample in one electrophoresis run.
Because the antibacterial activity datasets were normally distributed, the independent samples t -test was performed to test for significant differences between groups. Bakkali, F. Biological effects of essential oils - a review.
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This work aims to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of ethanolic and water extracts of Muscle recovery support Hibiscus sabdariffapgoperties Rosmarinus propertiedclove Snd aromaticum anf, and thyme Thymus Antimicrobial and antifungal properties antjfungal some food pathogens Antumicrobial spoilage microorganisms. Agar well diffusion Healthy metabolism habits has been propetties to determine the antimicrobial activities and antitungal inhibitory concentrations MIC Non-pharmaceutical anxiety relief different Non-pharmaceutical anxiety relief extracts against Gram-positive Antimicrobial and antifungal properties Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureusNon-pharmaceutical anxiety relief bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Vibrio parahaemolyticusand Pseudomonas aeruginosaand one fungus Candida albicans. The extracts exhibited both antibacterial and antifungal activities against tested microorganisms. Only the ethanolic extracts of clove and thyme showed antifungal effects against CA with inhibition zones ranging from Bacillus cereus BC appears to be the most sensitive strain to the aqueous extract of clove with a MIC of 0. To enhance our understanding of antimicrobial activity mechanism of plant extracts, the changes in internal pH pH intand membrane potential were measured in Staphylococcus aureus SA and Escherichia coli EC cells after exposure to the plant extracts. The results indicated that the plant extracts significantly affected the cell membrane of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as demonstrated by the decline in pH int as well as cell membrane hyperpolarization.
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