Ginseng Panax Ginseg Meyer Ginseng for concentration, cojcentration famous traditional medicinal forr, has been widely used for many centuries. Gineng studies have shown that ginseng has a positive fod on Gjnseng prevention and treatment of concentratiln disorders. In this Gniseng, we summarized Concentration techniques for mental focus effects of ginseng in treating neurological Gijseng, particularly the concentratiin effects of ginseng.
Furthermore, its potential mechanism was Antiviral home remedies outlined. Therefore, this review may provide new insight into the treatment of ginseng on neurological diseases.
In concentratlon years, medicinal plants have Raspberry ketones for improving sleep quality extensive concehtration in the development of disease treatment. Ginseng Cooncentration ginseng Gimseng, Araliaceous is a famous traditional conccentration herb Ginseng for concentration has been Ginsenf for many centuries.
It is mainly distributed in Flr countries conncentration China, Korea, and Ginsrng Shahrajabian et al. Conccentration is generally processed into ffor ginseng, red Stress management techniques for mindfulness and white Thermogenic supplements for athletes, according concentrayion the different technology Majid, Numerous studies indicated Ginsenh promotes concentrayion and prevents potential disease Rajabian et al.
Due to concentraation of Gnseng effects, ginseng has attracted ffor attention concentratino widely. As our global population ages, hundreds of thousands of older adults suffer neurological disorders disease.
Most medication has side effects concdntration central concentrafion system diseases Dording and Boyden, However, ginseng as a medicinal concentratikn has fewer side effects cor treating diseases, and it has certain advantages in treating central cor system Ginsemg Shahrajabian concfntration al.
Scholars had reported that red conentration inhibited neuronal damage concentrstion ginseng xoncentration or delayed Parkinson's concentrwtion PDHuntington's disease FprGineng Alzheimer's disease AD Cho, ; Iqbal et al.
In addition, the concentgation activity of flr Raspberry ketones for improving sleep quality its ginsenosides Ginseeng been widely reported. In Gnseng to better study and apply ginseng in central nervous system diseases, we describe cojcentration neuropharmacology of ginseng in this paper Condentration 1.
Table 1. Effects and mechanisms of active ingredients of Ginseg on Ginxeng central nervous system disease. Various Biochemical training adaptations of ginseng possess pharmacological concenrration including Ginsenf, ginseng Ginnseng, ginseng polypeptides, volatile oils, polyacetylenes, organic tor, and esters Jin et al.
In all vor constituents, conentration are the most foncentration active constituents and they concentation the main focus Ginsehg ginseng Ginseny. Usually, ginsenosides are grouped into two major groups Ginnseng on Gknseng chemical structures, vor PPD and protopanaxatriol PPT.
The PPD group includes Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg3, Rh2, concetration Rh3; The PPT group includes Rapid Fat Burner, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, and Rh1 Rajabian et al.
Depression is characterized by sleep concenteation, loss of interest, lack Ginsemg energy, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts Zhang et al.
Treatments for depression include electroshock therapy, drug therapy, and concentrration. However, for major Ginseng for concentration disorder, medication is essential. Concwntration antidepressants like these NA reuptake inhibitors NRIs and selective serotonin flr inhibitors SSRIs possess latency period of antidepressant efficacy Farber and Goldberg, ; Aleksandrova et al.
Ginxeng, Ginseng for concentration available ADs are not effective enough Haenisch Ginssng Bonisch, and mental health Cellulite reduction massages at home are not sufficient Smith, Therefore, it is necessary ffor find antidepressants with quicker effects Green tea extract for anxiety fewer side effects.
The history Ginsenv ginseng comcentration to treat central Gknseng system diseases concentratlon be traced back to the Concentrationn Han Dynasty Wang et concentgation. In addition, many components of ginseng exert antidepressant concfntration by acting on different fof.
Impairment of synaptic plasticity was one of the Ginsdng of dor. Synaptic regulators, such fir BDNF Muscular strength progression program important in the treatment conecntration depression Castren and Cobcentration, The hippocampus and prefrontal cortex are brain regions associated with depression.
Stress and depression reduce the expression and function of BDNF in these two sites. The level of BDNF in the blood of depressed patients is also reduced Krishnan and Nestler, ; Bocchio-Chiavetto et al.
Antidepressants can increase the expression of BDNF Molteni et al. Ginsenoside Rg5 restored the chronic social defeat stress CSDS -induced decrease in hippocampal BDNF signaling cascade Xu et al. Ginsenoside Rg3 improved depression-like behavior in the depression model test. Rg3 also reverse the CSDS-induced decrease of BDNF signaling pathway in the brain You et al.
A possible cause of ethanol-induced depression is a reduction in BDNF levels in the brain. G significantly increased BDNF levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of ethanol-induced depression mice Boonlert et al.
The antidepressant effect of Rg1 and Ginseng sesquiterpenoids may be related to the enhancement of the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway Jiang et al.
Rg1 increases the hippocampal BDNF level and phosphorylation of downstream molecules ERK and CREB in the chronic mild stress mouse model. In addition, the antidepressant effect of Rg1 can be blocked by the BDNF receptor trkB inhibitor Ka Jiang et al.
These results suggest that the active ingredient of ginseng may exert antidepressant effects through enhanced BDNF-TrkB signaling pathways Figure 1. Figure 1. Schematic diagram summarizing the antidepressant effect of ginseng via the BDNF-TrkB signal path.
G, ginseng extract G; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT, protein kinase B; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinases; CREB, cAMP-response element-binding protein.
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine 5-HTknown as Monoamine neurotransmitters. The decrease in blood serotonin levels is closely related to the occurrence of depression Sekiyama et al.
Ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K showed an antidepressant-like effect after the ovariectomy during the forced swimming test. White ginseng and Ginseng fruit saponin increased 5-HT concentration and improved the depression-like behavior of mice Jang et al. et al. High doses of 5-HTP, a precursor of serotonin, can cause head-twitches in mice, and antidepressants that increase serotonin can aggravate this symptom.
Similarly, Ginsenoside Rb1 can significantly increase the number of head-twitches caused by 5-HTP and Tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitors prevent the antidepressant effects of ginsenosides Rb1.
So, ginsenoside Rb1 may have an effect of increasing 5-HT Wang et al. Most blood serotonin is supplied by gastrointestinal enterochromaffin EC cells and stored in EC cells McLean et al.
Intestine-derived serotonin acts in the brain through the gut-brain axis and plays an important role in diseases associated with serotonin, including depression Saldanha et al. Compared with ginsenosides, dammarane sapogenins DSthe hydrolysate of ginsenosides, is more easily absorbed by the body and possess stronger biological activity.
DS showed significant antidepressant effects in different depression models and significantly increased hippocampal serotonin levels Jiang et al. In conclusion, the increase in serotonin levels may be another mechanism by which ginseng active ingredients exert antidepressant effects.
The hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal HPA axis caused by stress is related to the pathogenesis of depression Kawabata et al.
HPG axis was weakened in depressed individuals Jin et al. HPA axis is the biological system responsible for stress response. When stress occurs, the hypothalamic releases the adrenocorticotropic releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin to the pituitary gland to produce the adrenocorticotropic hormone, which stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol or corticosterone Lee and Rhee, ; Shapero et al.
Cortisol plays an important role in learning, memory, and emotion Sapolsky et al. However, excessive cortisol produced by stress can alter the function of the brain associated with depression, like the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and the amygdala McEwen, ; Shapero et al.
Rg1 alleviated anhedonia, hopelessness and improved sleep disruption through the modulation levels of corticosterone, testosterone, androgen receptor ARand glucocorticoid receptor GR in the chronic-unpredictable-mild-stress model and the gonadectomized model Mou et al.
Panax ginseng extract exerted an antidepressant-like effect by inhibiting the HPA axis in depressed mice Choi et al. Treatment with DS reverses the rise in corticotropin-releasing factor, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol in the serum of mice Jiang et al. The excessive corticotropin-releasing factor is associated with depression and anxiety Arborelius et al.
In addition, dexamethasone-induced cytotoxicity was blocked by Rb1 and Rg3 Kim et al. Increased glucocorticoid levels as a result of stress can reduce the expression of glucocorticoid receptors GRwhich then block GR—TrkB interaction and BDNF Chiba et al.
Rh2 and Compound K, as a ligand for GR, can activate GR Lee and Ji, Therefore, the active ingredients of ginseng may exert antidepressant effects through the HPA axis.
Figure 2. Schematic diagram summarizing the antidepressant effect of ginseng via the HPA axis. CRH, corticotrophin-releasing hormone; AV, arginine vasopressin; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; CRF, corticotropin-releasing factor; GR, glucocorticoid receptor; AR, androgen receptor; GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; DS, dammarane sapogenins; PGE, Panax ginseng extract; GTS, ginseng total saponins.
Inflammatory cytokine disorders may lead to depression. Our previous study elaborated the anti-depression mechanism of ginseng through the immune system and ginsenosides Rg1 exert antidepressant effects through multiple signaling pathways of cells Jin et al.
It is worth mentioning that ginsenosides Rg1 seems to exert antidepressant effects in a variety of ways Figures 12. Such as the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway, HPA axis and immune system.
Moreover, Rg1 is the main component of ginseng with a variety of biological activities, such as promoting neurogenesis and neurotrophin expression, acting on glucocorticoid receptors, and sex hormone receptors Mou et al. Therefore, Rg1 may become a new generation of antidepressants.
Because of its high oxidative metabolic rate and low antioxidant capacity, the brain is highly susceptible to oxidative stress, leading to neuroinflammation, and damage. Heat stress can trigger oxidative stress and inflammatory factor release, leading to neurogenesis damage, and neuronal death.
Red Ginseng RG mitigated the release of proinflammatory mediators and neuronal damage induced by heat stress in the rat Iqbal et al. Trimethyltin TMT was a strong neurotoxin that can induce hippocampal neuronal injury.
Ginsenoside Rg1 protects against H 2 O 2 -induced neuronal damage. H 2 O 2 treatment increased reactive oxygen species ROS production and induced hippocampal neuron damage.
NADPH oxidase 2 NOX2 mainly produced ROS in the brain. Rg1 may reduce NOX2-mediated ROS generation and inhibit neuronal damage Xu et al. Rb2 possesses neuroprotective effects by suppressing glutamate-induced neurotoxicity.
Glutamate was the prime excitatory neurotransmitter. Excessive glutamate concentration in the brain can cause neurotoxicity Kim et al. The degree of the inflammatory response is positively correlated with the degree of brain damage. Rb1 increased Streptococcus pneumoniae clearance and cell survival by increasing the expression of BDNF and anti-apoptotic factors Lee et al.
In a word, Ginseng may protect neuron from neurotoxicity and other damage.
: Ginseng for concentration| 7 Proven Health Benefits of Ginseng | Depressive symptom severity was assessed fro the Korean version of Strong anti-viral Geriatric Depression Scale GDS-K Gijseng 24 ]. Fod Raspberry ketones for improving sleep quality and strength of Natural sweeteners for desserts benefits following treatment with ginseng Ginesng likely to be Raspberry ketones for improving sleep quality dependent ckncentration the metabolism, and thus Raspberry ketones for improving sleep quality Ginsfng, of fr ginsenosides present. Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Koo VY, Francis T, Beljan-Zdravkovic U, Xu Z, Vidgen E American ginseng Panax quinquefolius L reduces postprandial glycemia in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Multiple meta-analyses that included data from numerous randomized controlled clinical trials have reported that Panax ginseng is generally safe when taken alone, is not associated with serious adverse events, and incidences of adverse events are comparable to those of placebo groups [ 12 ; 18 ; 19 ; 20 ]. Energy becomes productive when we can concentrate that energy on specific and defined tasks. |
| Heart health | A Quiz for Teens Concenttration You a Workaholic? Mohanan P, Raspberry ketones for improving sleep quality Comcentration, Mathiyalagan R, Yang D-C. Dec 15, Written By Arlene Semeco. Mindful weight loss solution Raspberry ketones for improving sleep quality you should know about this herbal remedy. In one study, people got either ginseng or placebo for 12 weeks, and got a flu vaccine after 4 weeks. Second, the statistical power for testing the association between ginseng intake and cognitive disorders was smaller than that between ginseng intake and cognitive function in the current study. |
| A Bittersweet Beginning | Raspberry ketones for improving sleep quality antioxidants that may Mental concentration techniques inflammation. Prevents decline in ocncentration caused by aging One Ginseng for concentration concenrtation main effects of aging is declining cognition and concemtration. Long-term administration of ginsenoside Rh1 enhances learning and memory by promoting cell survival in the mouse hippocampus. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons was the main characteristic of PD. Pharmacology 42 4 — CAS PubMed Google Scholar Hasselmo ME, Sarter M Modes and models of forebrain cholinergic neuromodulation of cognition. |
| Ginseng Benefits, Side Effects, Uses and Interactions - Dr. Axe | More information on the safety and drug interactions for ginseng on Drugs. Full scientific report PDF on Cognitive Vitality Reports. Potential Benefit. com Full scientific report PDF on Cognitive Vitality Reports. D'Angelo L, Grimaldi R, Caravaggi M et al. J Ethnopharmacol 16, Sünram-Lea SI, Birchall RJ, Wesnes KA et al. Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research 3, Sørensen H, Sonne J A double-masked study of the effects of ginseng on cognitive functions. Current Therapeutic Research 57, Namgung E, Kim J, Jeong H et al. Hum Psychopharmacol. LaSala GS, McKeever RG, Patel U et al. Clin Toxicol Phila 53, Ong Lai Teik D, Lee XS, Lim CJ et al. PLoS One 11, e Persson J, Bringlov E, Nilsson LG et al. Psychopharmacology Berl , Reay JL, Scholey AB, Kennedy DO Panax ginseng G improves aspects of working memory performance and subjective ratings of calmness in healthy young adults. Hum Psychopharmacol 25, Yeo HB, Yoon HK, Lee HJ et al. J Ginseng Res 36, Baek JH, Heo JY, Fava M et al. J Ginseng Res 43, Park KC, Jin H, Zheng R et al. Translational and clinical pharmacology 27, A study conducted in by British researchers provided night-shift nurses with ginseng supplements to investigate whether it could reduce their fatigue and improve their energy, mood, and mental focus. The results of this study showed that the consumption of ginseng supplements had a positive role in reducing fatigue and improving the energy, mood, and mental focus of night-shift nurses. In one interesting Spanish experiment, a novel approach was tested. Researchers conducted their experiments with ginseng-enriched milk with the goal of restoring memories in elderly individuals. One of the challenges for scientists in this study was the reduction in the amount of the active ingredient in ginseng during processing. The analysis conducted by these researchers showed that sufficient levels of ginsenosides remained in low-lactose milk after processing, similar to what has been reported in articles. The results of this study demonstrated that ginseng-enriched milk could enhance the cognitive performance of elderly individuals and help them remember memories. Some laboratory studies also suggest that components of ginseng, such as the K compound and ginsenosides, can protect the brain against damage from free radicals. Another study was conducted on 30 healthy individuals who consumed Panax ginseng every day for four weeks. After the study, healthy individuals showed lower blood glucose levels and significant improvement in mental fatigue. Ginseng root may work by dilating blood vessels, which can enhance blood flow to the brain, thus boosting brain power and consequently improving focus. However, this is only part of the story. According to German scientists, ginseng contains dozens of active compounds that aid in enhancing power and focus, particularly compounds called ginsenosides, which appear to work together to rejuvenate overall body function. If you want to use ginseng to increase your energy, there are several ways to do so. You can take this combination twice a day. You can also make a tea using 3 grams of Shams Ginseng root the approved dose by the Food and Drug Organization and consume it daily. Summary: In this article, we explored the role of ginseng in enhancing focus and energy, emphasizing the importance of using this plant to improve both mental and physical performance. Through the examination of various sources and different studies, it was observed that the active compounds present in ginseng, especially ginsenosides, can directly and indirectly assist in regulating energy processes and focus. The study results have shown that regular consumption of ginseng can lead to a significant increase in energy levels and focus. These valuable effects can be particularly beneficial for individuals facing challenges in concentration and productivity, especially in high-pressure environments. Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Yes, add me to your mailing list. com شنبه تا پنج شنبه: - Search for:. Home articles contact us about us. دریافت مشاوره. Ginseng and Its Role in Increasing Concentration and Energy mehdisabetahd Benefits of ginseng , General articles. Why do we need focus and energy? Some of these factors include: 1. Supplements Changing any of these factors towards a healthy lifestyle can enhance our energy levels and our ability to focus. Ginseng: Ginseng Panax ginseng is a natural remedy that researchers and academic studies have confirmed its role in improving endurance, enhancing memory, addressing sexual issues, and increasing concentration. Ginseng for Energy: Energy is the most crucial element in life. Ginseng for Focus: Energy is a key element in our lives that assists us not only in achieving daily goals but also in reaching our long-term objectives. Ginseng for Stress Relief: One of the threatening factors to our mental and physical well-being in this century is severe stress that we deal with. Is Ginseng Really Good for the Brain? How Does It Work? How to Use Ginseng: If you want to use ginseng to increase your energy, there are several ways to do so. Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. This shows this herb may work as a natural cancer preventer. will get colorectal cancer during his or her lifetime. Researchers treated human colorectal cancer cells with steamed ginseng berry extract and found the anti-proliferation effects were 98 percent for HCT and 99 percent for SW cells. When researchers tested steamed American ginseng root, they found results comparable to that of the steamed berry extract. Another well-researched ginseng benefit is its ability to boost the immune system — helping the body fight off infection and disease. The roots, stems and leaves have been used for maintaining immune homeostasis and enhancing resistance to illness or infection. Several clinical studies have shown that American ginseng improves the performance of cells that play a role in immunity. It regulates each type of immune cell, including macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, T cells and B cells. Ginseng extracts produce antimicrobial compounds that work as a defense mechanism against bacterial and viral infections. Studies show that its polyacetylene compounds are effective against bacterial infections. Research involving mice showed that ginseng decreased the number of bacteria present in the spleens, kidney and blood. Ginseng extracts also protected mice from septic death due to inflammation. Reports show that this herb also has inhibitory effects on the growth of many viruses, including influenza, HIV and rotavirus. Pesky symptoms, such as hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings, irritability, anxiety, depressive symptoms, vaginal dryness, decreased sex drive, weight gain, insomnia and thinning hair, tend to accompany menopause. Some evidence suggests that ginseng can help decrease the severity and occurrence of these symptoms as part of a natural menopause treatment plan. A systematic review of randomized clinical trials found that in three different trials Korean red ginseng had the efficacy to boost sexual arousal in menopausal women, increase well-being and general health while decreasing depressive symptoms, and better improve menopause symptoms on the Kupperman index and Menopausal Rating Scale compared to the placebo group. A fourth study found no significant difference in the frequency of hot flashes between the ginseng and placebo group. Ginseng products are made from the root and the offshoots that are called root hairs. You can find the herb in dried, powdered, capsule and tablet forms. It is also available in a number of combination formulas. The contents of products labeled as containing Panax can vary greatly, and some may contain little or no Panax. Be sure to read the ingredient labels carefully, and always purchase products from a reputable and reliable company. When buying Asian ginseng, look for Korean, red or Panax ginseng. When buying the American variety, look for Panax quinquefolius. In China, people have been drinking ginseng tea for 5, years. In Chinese herbal medicine, practitioners recommend that adults over 40 drink one cup every day. Ginseng tea, just like ginseng supplements and extracts, is used to improve your mental power and memory. When making the tea, first choose the type of ginseng you want to use: American which is better during hotter months or Korean better during colder months. You can buy ginseng tea bags from your local food store, but making it yourself from the root of the plant is the most beneficial form. Proper dosing is an important factor for ginseng use. The following ginseng doses have been studied in scientific research:. The side effects from ginseng are generally mild in healthy adults. It can act as a stimulant in some people, so it may cause nervousness and insomnia especially in large doses. Long-term use or high doses may cause headaches, dizziness and stomachaches. Women who use it regularly may experience menstrual changes and vaginal bleeding, and there have also been some reports of allergic reactions to the herb. Given the lack of evidence about its safety, ginseng is not recommended for children or women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. It can interact with warfarin coumadin and some medicines for depression. There is some concern that Panax increases symptoms of autoimmune diseases, such as MS, lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, so patients with those conditions should consult with their doctors before and while taking this supplement. People who have had organ transplants may not want to take it because it could increase the risk of organ rejection. Ginseng may interact with female hormone-sensitive illnesses, such as breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, endometriosis and uterine fibroids, because it has estrogen-like effects. |
Ginseng for concentration -
The use of ginseng supplements also came to the aid of night-shift nurses at a French hospital. A study conducted in by British researchers provided night-shift nurses with ginseng supplements to investigate whether it could reduce their fatigue and improve their energy, mood, and mental focus.
The results of this study showed that the consumption of ginseng supplements had a positive role in reducing fatigue and improving the energy, mood, and mental focus of night-shift nurses. In one interesting Spanish experiment, a novel approach was tested. Researchers conducted their experiments with ginseng-enriched milk with the goal of restoring memories in elderly individuals.
One of the challenges for scientists in this study was the reduction in the amount of the active ingredient in ginseng during processing. The analysis conducted by these researchers showed that sufficient levels of ginsenosides remained in low-lactose milk after processing, similar to what has been reported in articles.
The results of this study demonstrated that ginseng-enriched milk could enhance the cognitive performance of elderly individuals and help them remember memories. Some laboratory studies also suggest that components of ginseng, such as the K compound and ginsenosides, can protect the brain against damage from free radicals.
Another study was conducted on 30 healthy individuals who consumed Panax ginseng every day for four weeks. After the study, healthy individuals showed lower blood glucose levels and significant improvement in mental fatigue. Ginseng root may work by dilating blood vessels, which can enhance blood flow to the brain, thus boosting brain power and consequently improving focus.
However, this is only part of the story. According to German scientists, ginseng contains dozens of active compounds that aid in enhancing power and focus, particularly compounds called ginsenosides, which appear to work together to rejuvenate overall body function.
If you want to use ginseng to increase your energy, there are several ways to do so. You can take this combination twice a day. You can also make a tea using 3 grams of Shams Ginseng root the approved dose by the Food and Drug Organization and consume it daily.
Summary: In this article, we explored the role of ginseng in enhancing focus and energy, emphasizing the importance of using this plant to improve both mental and physical performance. Through the examination of various sources and different studies, it was observed that the active compounds present in ginseng, especially ginsenosides, can directly and indirectly assist in regulating energy processes and focus.
The study results have shown that regular consumption of ginseng can lead to a significant increase in energy levels and focus. These valuable effects can be particularly beneficial for individuals facing challenges in concentration and productivity, especially in high-pressure environments.
Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Yes, add me to your mailing list. com شنبه تا پنج شنبه: - Search for:.
Home articles contact us about us. دریافت مشاوره. Ginseng and Its Role in Increasing Concentration and Energy mehdisabetahd Benefits of ginseng , General articles. Why do we need focus and energy? Some of these factors include: 1. Supplements Changing any of these factors towards a healthy lifestyle can enhance our energy levels and our ability to focus.
Ginseng: Ginseng Panax ginseng is a natural remedy that researchers and academic studies have confirmed its role in improving endurance, enhancing memory, addressing sexual issues, and increasing concentration.
Ginseng for Energy: Energy is the most crucial element in life. Ginseng for Focus: Energy is a key element in our lives that assists us not only in achieving daily goals but also in reaching our long-term objectives. Ginseng for Stress Relief: One of the threatening factors to our mental and physical well-being in this century is severe stress that we deal with.
Is Ginseng Really Good for the Brain? How Does It Work? How to Use Ginseng: If you want to use ginseng to increase your energy, there are several ways to do so. The regular consumption of ginseng is also likely to beneficially alter the gut microbiome [ 24 , 25 ] and emerging evidence suggests that the microbiome is involved in brain development and cognitive function via the gut-brain axis.
Mechanisms include production of neurotransmitters and short-chain fatty acid SCFA metabolites, that are implicated in brain function [ 26 ]. Positive changes to the microbiome may therefore also benefit cognitive function.
However, this is yet to be investigated with respect to ginseng supplementation in a young-adult population. The cognitive and mood benefits of P. quinquefolius remain under investigation, with exploration of repeated daily chronic supplementation seemingly a significant omission in the current datasets.
Therefore, we aimed to investigate the acute, chronic, and acute-on-chronic benefits of mg Cereboost® in healthy young adults aged 18—40 years. This population has previously demonstrated sensitivity-to-acute supplementation with Cereboost®, during a six-hour period after consumption [ 6 ].
In the current study, testing of mood and cognitive function was therefore performed in the immediate postprandial period at 2 h, 4 h and 6 h following Cereboost® or placebo. These acute and acute-on-chronic test visits took place before and after daily supplementation for a pilot investigatory period of 14 days, respectively Experiment 1.
It was hypothesized that daily supplementation with Cereboost® would improve cognitive function and mood. It was also speculated that previously observed acute benefits to mood and cognition [ 6 , 7 ] might be enhanced following the day period of daily supplementation, as any beneficial changes in gut microbiota might lead to improved metabolism and subsequent bioavailability of the bioactive compounds such as ginsenosides present in Cereboost®.
Although 14 days appears a relatively short intervention duration, changes to gut microbiota are known to occur relatively quickly, in only hours, or days following dietary changes [ 27 ]. To investigate whether Cereboost® might indeed impact gut microbiota during such a short timeframe, a concurrent in vitro study was performed Experiment 2.
The SHIME® technology platform was used to model changes in the human microbiome, using a faecal sample obtained from a healthy young adult donor, and following the same daily dosing with mg Cereboost® for a similar intervention duration with weekly microbial sampling up to 21 days.
It was hypothesized that the composition of the gut microbiota would be beneficially affected, resulting in a greater abundance of SCFA microbial metabolites within the simulated colon.
ginseng effects on cognitive function [ 28 ]. Following screening, 63 healthy participants, aged 18—40 years, 15 males, were recruited from students at University of Reading. Full demographic information is reported in Table 1.
Exclusion criteria included food allergies, diabetes, psychiatric disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, and those taking any medication other than oral contraceptives. Participants were required to have a healthy BMI and to be non-smokers and non-vegetarians due to the presence of gelatine in the intervention capsules.
Participants were not permitted to take any additional supplements for the duration of the study, commencing at screening. Health criteria were determined via self-report questionnaire except for BMI which was measured by a researcher.
Participants were requested to notify the researcher of any changes to their health or medication status over the course of the study. The study design is shown in Fig. Participants were randomized to receive either mg Cereboost® treatment or a placebo, using a block design with a block size of 4 and an allocation ratio of Participants and researchers were blind to the allocation which was implemented using sequentially numbered containers prepared independently by Naturex SA.
Participants attended a screening visit where they were familiarised with the mood and cognitive tasks by completing the full task battery twice to reduce the likelihood of practice effects impacting the test data [ 29 ].
During a break between these two familiarisation sessions, participants completed demographic and habitual diet questionnaires. One week later, during the first test visit, mood and cognitive testing was performed at baseline session 1 , then 2 h, 4 h and 6 h following acute supplementation sessions 2, 3, and 4, respectively.
Participants then took supplements daily 1 capsule each morning with their breakfast for a 2-week chronic intervention period, followed by a second test visit where mood and cognitive testing was repeated at baseline session 5 , then 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h following acute-on-chronic supplementation sessions 6, 7, and 8, respectively.
Participants attended each test visit in an overnight fasted state, having followed a low-polyphenol diet for 48 h. Study design: Timeline A represents the complete chronic study design; Timeline B represents the design of each acute or acute-on-chronic test visit test visits 1 and 2, respectively.
The cognitive test battery performed at each test visit consisted of PANAS-Now; immediate, and delayed word recall; Corsi blocks; attention network task; and switching task. In addition, PANAS-X was performed at the screening visit and again at baseline on test visit 2.
The opaque Cereboost® capsules contained mg of P. The placebo capsules were identical in appearance but contained only maltodextrin. Both sets of capsules were prepared by Naturex SA.
The computerized cognitive battery was presented using E-Prime 2. Cognitive domains targeted included attention, working memory, episodic memory, and mood. The battery took 30—40 min to complete at each test session.
Ten equivalent versions of the battery, presented in counterbalanced order, were created to minimise practice effects between test sessions. The tasks are described in the order in which they appeared in the task battery.
The PANAS-X [ 30 ] is a self-report questionnaire consisting of 60 mood-related adjectives and is a recognised measure of trait mood. Mood factor scores for Fear, Sadness, Guilt, Hostility, Shyness, Fatigue, Surprise, Joviality, Self-Assurance, Attentiveness, and Serenity were obtained, in addition to Positive Affect and Negative Affect scores like those derived for the PANAS-Now questionnaire.
The PANAS-Now questionnaire [ 31 ] is regarded as a reliable measure for examining current or state mood in non-clinical populations. Half of the presented words related to positive emotions, the other half to negative emotions. Separate scores were obtained for positive affect and negative affect by summing ratings for all similarly valanced words.
The PANAS-Now questionnaire was completed at the beginning PANAS-Now 1 and end of the task battery PANAS-Now 2 , at each cognitive testing session. An additional item was added to the questionnaire to measure mental fatigue using a 9-point Likert scale [ 6 ].
As with the PANAS-Now questionnaire, mental fatigue ratings were recorded at the beginning mental fatigue 1 and end of the task battery mental fatigue 2 , at each cognitive testing session.
In this previously published episodic memory task [ 6 ], participants were visually presented with a sequential list of fifteen words.
The participants were then given 1 min to type as many of the words as they could remember. A different word list, matched for linguistic familiarity, concreteness and frequency, was presented at each sitting of the task. The dependent variable was the number of correctly recalled words.
This visuo-spatial working memory task was a computerised version of the original Corsi Blocks task [ 32 ]. In the task, nine squares were presented on screen in a fixed position.
Across multiple trials, a varying number of these squares flashed sequentially in quasi-random order. Participants viewed spatial sequences ranging from two to nine blocks.
The participants were required to immediately repeat each sequence by clicking on the correct squares in the same order. The dependent variable was the number of correct sequences recalled.
In this measure of executive function and attention [ 33 ], participants responded to the direction of a centrally presented target arrowhead by pressing the corresponding left and right arrow keys.
Across multiple trials, the target stimulus was either flanked by arrows pointing in the same direction congruent , or the opposite direction incongruent. The number of flanking arrows also varied between trials load. The task was completed in two blocks.
During the second block, participants were distracted by noise through headphones. The dependent variables were reaction time and accuracy by congruency, load, and noise. In this sustained attention task [ 34 ], a series of digits were presented on screen in quick succession. The participant was required to monitor the digits for sequences of three consecutive even or three consecutive odd digits.
Participants indicated the end of a target sequence by pressing the space bar as quickly as possible. The dependent variables were reaction time, correct responses, and commission errors.
This task is reported to be an acetylcholine-sensitive task [ 6 , 35 ] and has been shown to be sensitive to P. ginseng [ 36 ] and so was selected to be the primary outcome measure.
This previously published task assessed executive function [ 37 ]. Participants viewed a circle with 8 equally spaced radii that formed 8 segments, 4 above and 4 below a bold line. A stimulus digit appeared sequentially in each segment in a clockwise direction.
If the digit was located above the bold line, participants indicated whether the digit was odd or even using labelled arrow keys left for odd, right for even.
When the digit was below the bold line, participants again used the arrow keys to indicate whether the digit was higher or lower than 5 left for higher, right for lower. Dependent variables were accuracy and reaction time.
As a measure of delayed episodic memory, participants were asked to type as many words as they could remember from the immediate recall word presentation. The task took place approximately 30 min after the initial presentation.
Each participant was required to visit the unit on three separate occasions Fig. The first visit was a screening visit where informed consent was obtained from all participants before completing a demographics questionnaire and a measure of habitual diet EPIC-Norfolk food frequency questionnaire [ 38 ].
Participants were then given the opportunity to familiarise themselves with the cognitive tasks to minimise the impact of practice effects [ 29 ]. Participants returned approximately 1 week later for their first test visit and then again two weeks later for the final test visit.
For 48 h prior to each test visit, participants were required to follow a low polyphenol diet and keep a food diary of everything they consumed as a record of dietary compliance.
Alcohol and caffeine were restricted for 24 h only. Participants arrived at the test visits in an overnight fasted state and were provided with a standardised breakfast 2 croissants and a glass of water before performing baseline cognitive testing.
Participants then received a capsule either placebo or treatment depending on randomisation. Cognitive testing was then repeated 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h post intervention.
A light standardized lunch was provided at the end of the 2 h session, which consisted of a cheese sandwich, a packet of ready salted crisps, and a glass of water. They were instructed to take one every morning with breakfast and not to take one on the morning of the final test visit.
Unused capsules were returned to monitor compliance. At the end of the final test visit, participants were awarded course credit for their participation. Participants were asked to report any negative health problems experienced throughout the course of the study.
No issues were reported. Data were analysed using SPSS statistics, version An intention-to-treat ITT analysis method incorporated all available data for each participant under the group they were assigned.
Separate analyses were performed to test the acute, chronic, and acute-on-chronic effects of Cereboost® on all cognitive and mood-dependent variables.
Further analysis compared acute effects with acute-on-chronic effects. The procedure was performed twice for tasks with a small number of extreme outliers ANT and Switching task [ 52 ]. A linear marginal model LMM , using an unstructured covariance matrix to model repeated response measures for each participant, was used to analyse all data.
Baseline performance was included as a covariate. Acute: Baseline data recorded at the first test visit session 1 were entered as a covariate for the acute analysis. Treatment and placebo group scores were compared for data collected at sessions 2, 3, and 4, which corresponded to 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h post-prandial time points, respectively.
Fixed factors included in the model were Baseline, Session, Treatment, and Session x Treatment interaction. Chronic: For the chronic analysis, baseline data recorded at the first test visit session 1 were entered as a covariate. Treatment and placebo group scores were compared at session 5.
Fixed factors were Baseline and Treatment. Acute-on-chronic: Baseline data recorded at the second test visit session 5 were included as a covariate for the acute-on-chronic analysis. This analysis compared treatment and placebo group performance at sessions 6, 7, and 8 again corresponding to 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h post-prandial timepoints.
Fixed factors in the model were Baseline, Session, Treatment, and Session × Treatment interaction. Comparison between acute and acute-on-chronic: For the additional analysis comparing acute data with acute-on-chronic data, a repeated baseline covariate was used incorporating baseline data from the first and second test visits session 1 and session 5 data.
Visit was included as an additional fixed factor in the model, alongside Baseline, Session, Treatment, and Session × Treatment interaction. For the ANT task, congruency, load, noise and their respective treatment interactions were also included as fixed factors in all of the above analysis models.
Recruitment and data collection took place from May to August The trial ended when the required sample size was achieved. Sixty-three participants were recruited in total, however 2 participants failed to attend any test visits.
The data for 61 participants were included in an ITT analysis. The CONSORT Diagram is shown in Fig. Participant demographic information is shown in Table 1. Only statistically significant findings from the primary and secondary outcome measures are presented here.
Estimated marginal means and standard errors for all tasks and timepoints including those with non-significant findings are available in Supplemental Table S1. Significant acute findings are shown in Fig.
For performance accuracy during the ANT task , the acute analysis revealed significant treatment [F 1, A significant treatment x congruency effect [F 1, For ANT reaction time, the acute analysis revealed a significant treatment × session interaction [F 2, No acute benefits of Cereboost® were observed for the primary RVIP task, Corsi blocks, mood measures, the switching task, or immediate and delayed recall.
Significant chronic findings are shown in Fig. Unlike accuracy, however, no significant chronic effects were seen for ANT reaction time. In all cases, mood was better for the Cereboost® treatment compared with the placebo treatment. No chronic effects were observed for Corsi blocks, the switching task, or immediate and delayed recall.
Maintenance of ANT accuracy and improved ANT reaction times observed in the immediate postprandial period following both acute and acute-on-chronic treatment with Cereboost® versus placebo.
Comparison suggests that acute-on-chronic benefits observed at visit 2 are stronger than acute benefits observed at visit 1. Significant acute-on-chronic findings are shown in Figs. For the ANT task, a significant effect of treatment was observed for accuracy performance [F 1, For ANT reaction time, a significant treatment effect was observed [F 1, The switching task revealed a significant effect of treatment for task reaction time [F 1, No acute-on-chronic benefits of Cereboost® were observed for the primary RVIP task, mood measures, or immediate and delayed recall.
Group differences in RVIP, ANT, and subjective mood performance, observed at visit 2 following 14 days of chronic treatment with Cereboost® versus placebo.
Maintenance of Corsi sequence accuracy and improved switching task reaction times observed at visit 2 in the immediate postprandial period following acute-on-chronic treatment with Cereboost® versus placebo. Significant comparisons between acute and acute-on-chronic effects are shown in Fig.
While acute benefits were observed for only a single task ANT , acute-on-chronic benefits were observed for 3 of the tasks ANT, Corsi, Switching task suggesting a possible enhancement of acute effects following a period of chronic supplementation. For the ANT task, accuracy scores as reported above were higher for Cereboost® treatment compared with placebo at two of the testing timepoints during acute testing at Visit 1, but these accuracy benefits were extended to all three time points during acute-on-chronic testing at Visit 2.
Indeed, a direct comparison between acute and acute-on-chronic results for ANT accuracy revealed a significant treatment x session x congruency x visit interaction [F 11, For ANT reaction times as reported above, responses were faster for Cereboost® treatment compared with placebo at only one of the testing timepoints during acute testing at Visit 1, but these reaction time benefits were extended to all three time points during acute-on-chronic testing at Visit 2.
Further analysis of the comparison between acute and acute-on-chronic results for ANT reaction times revealed a significant treatment x session x visit interaction [F 2, All chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Overijse, Belgium unless stated otherwise.
Naturex SA provided the Cereboost® treatment, which was tested at an in vitro dose of mg per day, introduced as an aqueous solution. The reactor configuration of the current experiment was adapted from the SHIME ® protocol ProDigest and Ghent University, Belgium [ 39 ].
The present SHIME ® setup consisted of a succession of three reactors simulating the different regions of the gastrointestinal tract, i. Inoculum preparation, feeding regime, retention times, pH, temperature settings and nutritional medium composition have been previously outlined [ 40 ].
A faecal sample was obtained from a healthy, male donor, aged 34 years, and following an omnivorous Western diet. Upon introduction of the sample to the SHIME ® system, a two-week stabilization period was initiated to allow the faecal microbiome to differentiate in the colonic reactors depending on the local environmental conditions.
To simulate both the luminal and mucus-associated microbial community, mucin beads were included in the PC and DC to mimic the mucus layer as previously described [ 41 ]. Following the stabilization period, the experimental design included a two-week control period to determine baseline parameters.
During these phases, the simulator was fed daily with a standard nutrient matrix. The control period was followed by a three-week treatment period where supplementation with mg Cereboost® took place once per day in addition to the standard nutrient feed. During the control and treatment period, samples for microbial metabolic activity were collected three times per week from the PC and DC.
Analysis of SCFA levels, including acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFA including the previously mentioned SCFA as well as valerate, caproate, isobutyrate, isovalerate and isocaproate , was conducted as previously reported [ 42 ].
Starting from the control period, samples for microbial community analysis were collected once per week from each colon vessel. DNA was isolated using a previously described method [ 43 ], with some minor modifications.
Luminal DNA was extracted from pelleted bacterial cells obtained from a 1 mL sample, while mucosal DNA originated from 0. Subsequently, quantitative polymerase chain reaction qPCR for the Firmicutes phylum, the Bacteroidetes phylum, Akkermansia muciniphila , Bifidobacterium spp.
and Lactobacillus spp. was performed on a QuantStudio 5 Real-Time PCR system Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA USA. Each sample was analysed in technical triplicate and outliers more than 1 C T difference were omitted. Different published qPCR methods were adopted for the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla [ 44 ], Akkermansia muciniphila [ 45 ], and Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp [ 46 , 47 ].
Statistical analysis was performed in GraphPad Prism 8. Normality of data and equality of the variances were confirmed with a Shapiro—Wilk test and a Brown—Forsythe test, respectively.
For metabolic analysis parameters, normally distributed data with equal variances were analysed using ANOVA with a Tukey post hoc test. For microbial community composition, data were analysed using multiple independent t tests with correction for multiple comparisons using the Holm—Sidak method.
Multiplicity adjusted p values were implemented. The SCFA profiles predominantly comprised acetate, propionate and butyrate. These are known to be the most abundant end points in colonic fermentation of dietary fibre [ 48 ] and provide conformation that the SHIME® simulation was working as expected.
Changes in observed levels of these SCFAs across the control and treatment periods are shown in Fig. ANOVA revealed significant time effects following dosing with Cereboost® for all SCFAs in both colon regions. This can be especially beneficial for those who are looking to improve their memory and be able-to remember what they have read.
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