PIAS Microbial eradication the murine thigh infection model Microbal mouse model of thigh eradkcation 22 was used. Article CAS PubMed Microbial eradication Scholar Plaetzer Low glycemic breakfast, Krammer Eradicztion, Berlanda J, Berr F, Kiesslich T. Received 10th AugustAccepted 15th October Indeed, the medical potential of SACT has recently been recognised and the modality is currently being investigated in preclinical trials for the treatment of post-traumatic osteomyelitis. Their antibiofilm activity was also examined under in vivo conditions.

Microbial eradication -

Sonodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy SACT is a novel modality, which uses ultrasound to kill bacteria by the activation of molecules termed sonosensitisers SS to produce reactive oxygen species that are toxic to microorganism although microbial resistance to this modality has been reported.

There are a growing number of SS being reported with the dual ability to be activated by both ultrasound and light, and we hypothesis that a novel antimicrobial strategy, potentially known as sonophotodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy SPACT , could be developed based on these agents.

SPACT offers advantages over SACT and could constitute a new weapon in the fight against the growing global threat posed by microbial infections. This ability was subsequently developed into an anticancer modality known as sonodynamic therapy SDT with PS being more generally referred to as sonosensitisers SS; Rosenthal et al.

However, just over a decade ago, it was predicted that the combination of this radiation and SS should be able to eradicate microbial cells, as seen with the activation of PS by light in PACT Ma et al. This prediction was recently confirmed by experimental studies Liu et al.

The first major study on the antimicrobial potential of SACT occurred in , when Liu et al. High levels of the organism were eradicated by the application of ultrasound in combination with Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin, which are better known as conventional antibiotics but have also been shown to also function as SS.

It was proposed that the SACT action of Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin involved the ability of ultrasound to promote the uptake of these SS by cells of E.

coli with, whilst their ability to kill the organism was mediated by the production of cytotoxic ROS Liu et al. However, the ability of ultrasound to promote the bacterial uptake of antibiotics with no capacity for activation by the radiation is well established Piyasena et al.

More recently, in , Nakonechny et al. undertook the second major study into the antimicrobial potential of SACT and investigated the susceptibility of both E. coli and the Gram-positive organism, Staphylococcus aureus to the modality. This study utilised an established SS, Rose Bengal RB , which eradicated high levels of both organisms and appeared to be activated by sonoluminescence Nakonechny et al.

In combination, the results of these SACT investigations are in line with the emerging view that this modality generally involves the direct electronic excitation of SS via a photochemical pathway similar to that involved in PACT.

Once activated, these SS mediate the generation of ROS such as hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen, which then induce the photo-oxidation of cellular components, including membranes, proteins and DNA, thereby inducing the death of target microbial cells Harris et al.

Currently, SACT is an embryonic antimicrobial strategy but appears to have great potential as a therapeutically useful modality. In common with PACT, SACT offers a minimally invasive technique that is able to kill microorganism with multiple-drug resistance MDR. In contrast, ultrasound has a greater ability to penetrate tissues, which could allow the modality to treat more deep-seated infections and become a front-line antimicrobial strategy Harris et al.

Indeed, the medical potential of SACT has recently been recognised and the modality is currently being investigated in preclinical trials for the treatment of post-traumatic osteomyelitis.

This condition most often results from infection of the bone or bone marrow by S. aureus , including strains with methicillin resistance MRSA , to form biofilms, which are difficult to treat by PACT but may be amenable to SACT based on the ability of ultrasound to reach bony tissue Leung et al.

Although embryonic in its development, microbial resistance to the action of SACT has already been reported Erriu et al. Founded on the studies described previously, we hypothesise that a novel antimicrobial strategy could be developed based on SS that possess additional antimicrobial mechanisms able to synergise their SACT activity and thereby enhance the efficacy of the modality.

We also hypothesise that a class of SS with the potential to serve in such a strategy are those with the dual ability to be activated by both ultrasound and light McCaughan et al.

SS with this dual ability, such as chlorins, are currently utilised in an anticancer modality known as sonophotodynamic therapy SPDT and are effective in reducing tumour growth in animal models Jin et al.

The activation of these SS by light and ultrasound leads to a toxicity to target cancer cells that is greater than that of either SDT or PDT alone and includes effects such as enhanced ROS production McCaughan et al.

No SS involved in SPDT has yet been tested for its antimicrobial activity although RB possesses antibacterial activity based on both SACT Nakonechny et al.

We believe that SS with the dual ability to be activated by both ultrasound and light could form the basis of a novel antimicrobial modality, potentially known as sonophotodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy SPACT , as depicted in the graphical abstract.

We also believe that SPACT could overcome deficiencies of PACT and offer advantages over SACT, thereby offering a new weapon in the fight against the growing global threat posed by microbial infections Cantas et al.

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Ultrason Sonochem 11 : — Rossoni RD Junqueira JC Santos ELS Costa ACB Jorge AOC Comparison of the efficacy of Rose Bengal and erythrosin in photodynamic therapy against Enterobacteriaceae. Lasers Med Sci 25 : — Shibaguchi H Tsuru H Kuroki M Kuroki M Sonodynamic cancer therapy: a non-invasive and repeatable approach using low-intensity ultrasound with a sonosensitizer.

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Exp Oncol 34 : — Umemura S Sonochemical application of ultrasound to tumor treatment. Jpn J Appl Phys Part 1-Regul Pap Short Notes Rev Pap 33 : — Umemura SI Yumita N Nishigaki R Umemura K Sonochemical activation of hematoporphyrin — a potential modality for cancer treatment.

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Español Other Languages. About Antimicrobial Resistance. Minus Related Pages. For example: Antimicrobial-resistant infections that require the use of second- and third-line treatments can harm patients by causing serious side effects, such as organ failure, and prolong care and recovery, sometimes for months Many medical advances are dependent on the ability to fight infections using antibiotics, including joint replacements, organ transplants, cancer therapy, and the treatment of chronic diseases like diabetes, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis In some cases, these infections have no treatment options If antibiotics and antifungals lose their effectiveness, then we lose the ability to treat infections and control these public health threats.

How Resistance Happens. About Microbial Ecology. Last Reviewed: October 5, Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases NCEZID , Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion DHQP.

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