Citrus aurantium for athletic performance -
However, insulin did not statistically elevate immediately post-exercise but demonstrated a non-statistical increase at the end of the recovery period.
Previous research has demonstrated insulin spikes immediately following prolonged high-intensity protocols [ 25 ]; however, the duration of those protocols was ultimately longer than the one used previous studies and may have led to the different insulin response. Though fat oxidation was not directly measured throughout this study, plasma triglycerides were obtained to determine changes in metabolic function.
A primary function of the Citrus Aurantium is improved lipid peroxidation through p-synephrine and beta-3 activation, which may alter the release of triglycerides following exercise based on demand, and ultimately influence metabolic recovery. Post-exercise plasma triglycerides have been shown to account for half of the delayed component of excess post exercise oxygen consumption EPOC [ 26 , 27 ], which is a beneficial response to high-intensity exercise.
Interestingly, both trials showed spikes in plasma triglycerides at R1 when compared to I2, though no difference was observed between trials. Furthermore, various dosages of this complex should be evaluated in order to better determine a dose-response effect.
The markers used to examine metabolism were glucose, insulin, and triglycerides; future research should examine a more extensive metabolic profile including substrate utilization and free fatty acids.
Though a priori analysis based on a power of 0. However, this was not enough to elicit changes in resting insulin, or triglycerides. These findings suggest practical implications of hypoglycemic prevention during prolong i.
Further research is needed to examine a dose and component response on these metabolic markers. Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara M.
A review of the receptor-binding properties of p-synephrine as related to its pharmacological effects. Oxid Med Cell Longev. Epub Aug 1. Ratamess NA, Bush JA, Kang J, Kraemer WJ, Stohs SJ, Nocera VG, Leise MD, Diamond KB, Campbell SC, Miller HB, et al. The effects of supplementation with p-Synephrine alone and in combination with caffeine on metabolic, Lipolytic, and cardiovascular responses during resistance exercise.
J Am Coll Nutr. Article CAS Google Scholar. A review of the human clinical studies involving Citrus aurantium bitter orange extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine. Int J Med Sci. The safety of Citrus aurantium bitter orange and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine.
Phytother Res. Mohr M, Nielsen JJ, Bangsbo J. Caffeine intake improves intense intermittent exercise performance and reduces muscle interstitial potassium accumulation. J Appl Physiol Goldstein ER, Ziegenfuss T, Kalman D, Kreider R, Campbell B, Wilborn C, Taylor L, Willoughby D, Stout J, Graves BS, et al.
International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Article Google Scholar. Heckman MA, Weil J, Gonzalez de Mejia E. caffeine 1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine in foods: a comprehensive review on consumption, functionality, safety, and regulatory matters.
J Food Sci. Evans SM, Griffiths RR. Caffeine tolerance and choice in humans. Robertson D, Wade D, Workman R, Woosley RL, Oates JA. Tolerance to the humoral and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in man. J Clin Invest. Zancheta R, Possi AP, Planeta CS, Marin MT. Repeated administration of caffeine induces either sensitization or tolerance of locomotor stimulation depending on the environmental context.
Pharmacol Rep. Sokmen B, Armstrong LE, Kraemer WJ, Casa DJ, Dias JC, Judelson DA, Maresh CM. Caffeine use in sports: considerations for the athlete. J Strength Cond Res.
Medicine ACoS. ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Google Scholar. MacIntosh BR, Rishaug P, Svedahl K.
Assessment of peak power and short-term work capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol. Dill DB, Costill DL. Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration.
J Appl Physiol. Kliszczewicz B, Bechke E, Williamson C, Bailey P, Hoffstetter W, McLester J, McLester C. The influence of citrus aurantium and caffeine complex versus placebo on the cardiac autonomic response: a double blind crossover design.
Quintana DS. Statistical considerations for reporting and planning heart rate variability case-control studies. Garg S, Jovanovic L. Relationship of fasting and hourly blood glucose levels to HbA1c values: safety, accuracy, and improvements in glucose profiles obtained using a 7-day continuous glucose sensor.
Diabetes Care. Legro RS, Finegood D, Dunaif A. A fasting glucose to insulin ratio is a useful measure of insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Dekker MJ, Gusba JE, Robinson LE, Graham TE. Glucose homeostasis remains altered by acute caffeine ingestion following 2 weeks of daily caffeine consumption in previously non-caffeine-consuming males. Br J Nutr. Graham TE, Sathasivam P, Rowland M, Marko N, Greer F, Battram D.
Caffeine ingestion elevates plasma insulin response in humans during an oral glucose tolerance test. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. Shi X, Xue W, Liang S, Zhao J, Zhang X. Acute caffeine ingestion reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Nutr J. Petersen MC, Vatner DF, Shulman GI. Regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. Graham TE, Spriet LL. Performance and metabolic responses to a high caffeine dose during prolonged exercise. Stuart GR, Hopkins WG, Cook C, Cairns SP. Multiple effects of caffeine on simulated high-intensity team-sport performance.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. Kliszczewicz B, Buresh R, Bechke E, Williamson C. Metabolic biomarkers following a short and long bout of high-intensity functional training in recreationally trained men.
J Hum Sport Exerc. Borsheim E, Bahr R. Effect of exercise intensity, duration and mode on post-exercise oxygen consumption. Sports Med. Bahr R, Hansson P, Sejersted OM.
Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG. Behav Res Methods. Download references. The data sets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. BK contributed to study design, data collection, data analysis, major contribution to the writing of the manuscript. EB contributed to data collection, performed HRV analysis and interpretation, blood assay analysis, conducted literature review, and major contribution to the writing of the manuscript.
CW contributed with data collection, assisted with data analysis Biomarker , and moderate contributions to the editing of the manuscript. PB contributed to study design, data collection, biomarker analysis, and moderate editing of the manuscript.
ZG significant contribution to editing of the manuscript. JM contributed to study design, data statistical analysis, and moderate editing of manuscript. CM contributed to the study design, data collection, moderate editing of manuscript, and procurement of funds.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Brian Kliszczewicz. The Institutional Review Board approved all testing procedures and protocols prior to beginning data collection 17— Participants read and sign an informed consent prior to participating in this study.
These authors declare that they have no competing interest and have no relation too the supplement or associated companies. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and permissions. Kliszczewicz, B. et al. Citrus Aurantium and caffeine complex versus placebo on biomarkers of metabolism: a double blind crossover design.
J Int Soc Sports Nutr 16 , 4 Download citation. Received : 07 August Accepted : 30 January Published : 06 February Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative.
Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. This review summarizes current information regarding the safety of C. aurantium bitter orange extract and p-synephrine based on human, animal and in vitro assessments as well as receptor binding and mechanistic studies.
The data indicate that based on current knowledge, the use of bitter orange extract and p-synephrine appears to be exceedingly safe with no serious adverse effects being directly attributable to these ingredients.
Abstract Citrus aurantium bitter orange extract and its principal protoalkaloidal constituent p-synephrine are widely used in weight loss and weight management as well as in sports performance products.
Publication types Review.
Journal of the International Oerformance of Athlegic Nutrition volume 16Overcoming body negativity number: 4 Citrus aurantium for athletic performance this article. Metrics details. Ten physically active pefrormance Citrus aurantium for athletic performance study was performed in a double-blind, randomized crossover fashion consisting of two exhaustive exercise protocols. After consumption, participants were monitored throughout a min ingestion period, then completed a repeated Wingate protocol, and were then monitored throughout a min recovery period. Metabolic function was measured through blood glucose, plasma insulin, plasma triglycerides, and plasma catecholamines: epinephrine E and norepinephrine NE. Synephrine has the effects similar to that Joint pain relief ephedrine. It is a mild stimulant that auratium gotten a lot performacne Citrus aurantium for athletic performance in the world of sports nutrition. Synephrine mainly stimulates Beta-3 receptors that are responsible for lipolysis and thermogenesis. Athletic Benefits of Citrus Aurantium:. Since ephedrine has been banned in sports, synephrine — containing citrus aurantium may be a good alternative.
Citrus aurantium for athletic performance -
In order to account for the plasma volume shifts following the exercise bout, all E and NE samples were normalized by using the established protocols of Dill and Costill [ 14 ].
Hematocrit Hct and hemoglobin Hb were collected via finger sticks at each venipuncture time point Alere Hemopoint 2. Blood glucose GLU was measured using a Medtronic Contour glucometer Bayer, Pittsburgh, PA via finger stick. The procedures and findings of plasma catecholamines were previously reported and permissions granted by the publishing Journal [ 15 ].
Citrus Aurantium and caffeine powder were purchased from Blackburn distributions Caffeine powder, Blackburn distributions limited, Nelson Lancashire, England; Citrus Aurantium powder, Blackburn distributions limited, Nelson Lancashire, England. Each component was measured using an electronic supplement scale and encapsulated in green, non-translucent, size zero gelatin capsules.
All data were analyzed using the statistical software package SPSS SPSS, Version 24 for Mac, Chicago, IL. In order to determine the effect size, the recommend guidelines of Quintana were used. Of the fourteen participants who volunteered for the study, four were removed due to adverse reactions to the phlebotomy procedure i.
Therefore, a total of ten physically active males completed the study. Participant characteristics can be seen in Table 1. Plasma Insulin.
Blood Glucose. Means ± SD can be seen in Fig. Plasma Triglycerides. Means ± SD can be seen in Figs. Plasma Epinephrine. Plasma Norepinephrine. No significant trial differences occurred in insulin, lactate or triglycerides throughout the ingestion period.
Under normal fasted conditions it is not uncommon to observe a slight decrease in blood glucose with concurrent decreases in insulin concentration over a prolong period of rest [ 17 , 18 ]. Blood glucose concentration following the PLA trial is reflective of this response, with a significant drop occurring at I2.
No changes in glucose concentration occurred and was found to be significantly higher than that of the PLA trial at the I2 time point.
The medium by which the supplements were delivered in the current study were capsules absent of carbohydrate and would rationalize the difference in observations between the two studies.
Similar to glucose, insulin has been shown to be maintained or decrease during resting and fasted conditions [ 19 ]. This is in contrast to Graham et al. However, the differences in observations can likely be attributed to the dosage of caffeine Graham et al. The caffeine components role in sympathetic nervous system SNS mediated glucose release [ 22 ] may be another likely contributor to the observed glucose response.
Additionally, Stuart et al. The CA component of the complex is another mechanism by which the maintenance of blood glucose could have occurred. Specifically, the active ingredient p-synephrine acts on beta-3 receptors in order to increase lipolysis [ 1 ], thereby acting to spare blood glucose.
Future research should examine varying concentrations in order to determine a dose effect. The exhaustive exercise trial selected for this study was a repeated Wingate protocol designed to induce a high metabolic stress and fatigue.
Following the completion of the trials, no differences in glucose, insulin, triglycerides, or catecholamines were observed. However, insulin did not statistically elevate immediately post-exercise but demonstrated a non-statistical increase at the end of the recovery period.
Previous research has demonstrated insulin spikes immediately following prolonged high-intensity protocols [ 25 ]; however, the duration of those protocols was ultimately longer than the one used previous studies and may have led to the different insulin response.
Though fat oxidation was not directly measured throughout this study, plasma triglycerides were obtained to determine changes in metabolic function. A primary function of the Citrus Aurantium is improved lipid peroxidation through p-synephrine and beta-3 activation, which may alter the release of triglycerides following exercise based on demand, and ultimately influence metabolic recovery.
Post-exercise plasma triglycerides have been shown to account for half of the delayed component of excess post exercise oxygen consumption EPOC [ 26 , 27 ], which is a beneficial response to high-intensity exercise. Interestingly, both trials showed spikes in plasma triglycerides at R1 when compared to I2, though no difference was observed between trials.
Furthermore, various dosages of this complex should be evaluated in order to better determine a dose-response effect.
The markers used to examine metabolism were glucose, insulin, and triglycerides; future research should examine a more extensive metabolic profile including substrate utilization and free fatty acids. Though a priori analysis based on a power of 0. However, this was not enough to elicit changes in resting insulin, or triglycerides.
These findings suggest practical implications of hypoglycemic prevention during prolong i. Further research is needed to examine a dose and component response on these metabolic markers.
Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Shara M. A review of the receptor-binding properties of p-synephrine as related to its pharmacological effects. Oxid Med Cell Longev. Epub Aug 1. Ratamess NA, Bush JA, Kang J, Kraemer WJ, Stohs SJ, Nocera VG, Leise MD, Diamond KB, Campbell SC, Miller HB, et al.
The effects of supplementation with p-Synephrine alone and in combination with caffeine on metabolic, Lipolytic, and cardiovascular responses during resistance exercise.
J Am Coll Nutr. Article CAS Google Scholar. A review of the human clinical studies involving Citrus aurantium bitter orange extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine. Int J Med Sci. The safety of Citrus aurantium bitter orange and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine.
Phytother Res. Mohr M, Nielsen JJ, Bangsbo J. Caffeine intake improves intense intermittent exercise performance and reduces muscle interstitial potassium accumulation.
J Appl Physiol Goldstein ER, Ziegenfuss T, Kalman D, Kreider R, Campbell B, Wilborn C, Taylor L, Willoughby D, Stout J, Graves BS, et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Article Google Scholar.
Heckman MA, Weil J, Gonzalez de Mejia E. caffeine 1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine in foods: a comprehensive review on consumption, functionality, safety, and regulatory matters. J Food Sci. Evans SM, Griffiths RR. Caffeine tolerance and choice in humans.
Robertson D, Wade D, Workman R, Woosley RL, Oates JA. Tolerance to the humoral and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in man. J Clin Invest. Zancheta R, Possi AP, Planeta CS, Marin MT. Repeated administration of caffeine induces either sensitization or tolerance of locomotor stimulation depending on the environmental context.
Pharmacol Rep. Sokmen B, Armstrong LE, Kraemer WJ, Casa DJ, Dias JC, Judelson DA, Maresh CM. Caffeine use in sports: considerations for the athlete. J Strength Cond Res. Medicine ACoS.
ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Google Scholar. MacIntosh BR, Rishaug P, Svedahl K. It is a mild stimulant that has gotten a lot of attention in the world of sports nutrition. Synephrine mainly stimulates Beta-3 receptors that are responsible for lipolysis and thermogenesis.
Athletic Benefits of Citrus Aurantium:. Since ephedrine has been banned in sports, synephrine — containing citrus aurantium may be a good alternative.
The potential athletic benefits are as follows:. Non — Athletic Benefits of Citrus Aurantium:. Citrus aurantium may be beneficial in the following conditions:.
Citrus Aurantium Triple Paradox:. Depending on whether you take extracts of the leaves or peels of the immature or mature fruits, citrus aurantium shows three paradox effects:. Dosage and Interactions:. The recommended dosage is — mg of the extract. Similar to grapefruit, citrus aurantium interacts with the medications that are metabolized by the enzyme complex called cytochrome P Citrus aurantium should be avoided in the following conditions:.
ENGLISH GERMAN. Improves athletic performance The benefits related to physical performance are said to derive mostly from p-synephrine, a mild stimulant in citrus aurantium. Helps with weight loss A comprehensive review of published studies involving citrus aurantium and p-synephrine supports its usage for weight loss.
Treats skin infections Applying bitter orange oil appears to help treat fungal skin infections. Related posts: The Hidden Dangers of Excess Belly Fat Boost Your Metabolism in Four Highly Effective Ways How Sports Supplements Can Support Your Goals Do Fat Burners Work?
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Log in. Which is Citrus aurantium for athletic performance great aurabtium, because aurantlum citrus forr is packed with vitamins, athleitc and Dehydration and sunburn compounds, and comes with some performancee health Citrus aurantium for athletic performance. And not just the edible parts either — the leaf and rind are distilled to make bitter orange oil, which capably counteracts the effects of fungal skin infections. A staple of Chinese medicine for centuries, the ingredient frequently appears in health supplements including those geared towards athletic performance. The benefits related to physical performance are said to derive mostly from p-synephrine, a mild stimulant in citrus aurantium.
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