Back Plant compounds for optimal brain health Plqnt. The problem? Some research MRI equipment overview that a nutrient oltimal in the ubiquitous-at-the-holidays Plant compounds for optimal brain health nutmeg may vrain improve cognition and memory. Keywords: neuroprotective, blood-brain barrier, green extraction, UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS, bioactive compounds, agri-food by-products. Studies have shown that blueberries have a huge range of benefits for the brain, including improving communication between brain cells, improving memory, delaying short-term memory loss, increasing neuroplasticity, and reducing or delaying cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.

Plant compounds for optimal brain health -

The amount and position of hydroxyl groups at the phenyl ring in the phenolic compound structure seem to be related to cholinesterase inhibition potential.

Hydroxyl groups promote hydrogen bond formation with specific amino acids in the active sites of enzymes. Interestingly, an increasing number of hydroxyl groups on the side phenyl rings would result in more AChE inhibition and lower BChE inhibition kaempferol and myricetin This fact could explain the differences between the AChE and BChE inhibition potential of each tested extract.

Moreover, the presence of sugar moieties represents constraints for the accommodation of the glycosylated phenolic compound and enzyme active site, resulting in lower inhibition capacity RSFE and ASFE extracts exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory capacity see Table 6.

Lončarić et al. have recently reviewed works on plant families with potential LOX inhibitory activity 48 , reporting a broad range of LOX inhibition values, ranging from 0.

In agreement with our results, extracts like ASFE and RSFE from Fabaceae and Lamiaceae families, respectively, are reported as major LOX inhibitors.

Therefore, LOX inhibition assays carried out in this work yielded promising results, particularly for ASFE extract. Several works highlight phenolic compounds as natural compounds with elevated anti-inflammatory properties, including LOX inhibition capacity 43 , 49 , Sadik et al.

proposed some molecular features of flavonoids that influence LOX inhibition and cholinesterase inhibition capacity, such as the presence of hydroxyl groups. Hydroxylated flavonoids like quercetin or luteolin improve inhibition capacity by interposition between the hydrophobic cavity at the enzyme active site.

Nevertheless, highly hydroxylated flavonoids like myricetin lower the hydrophobicity of the molecule and reduce the inhibitory mechanism of the phenolic compounds.

Instead, the presence of sugar moiety also depresses the inhibitory potential of glycosylated flavonoids. LOX possesses ferric iron at the active site, thereupon another inhibitory mechanism by which flavonoids can act is their iron-chelating capacity 49 , The high LOX inhibition potential of ASFE extract may be attributed to its levels of lutein, a chalcone that is considered as a flavonoid biosynthetic precursor with an open structure and anti-inflammatory potential In the present work, enzymatic inhibition by LOX was measured to evaluate the protective effect against neuroinflammation; however, the in vivo relationship between LOX enzyme and pro-inflammatory cytokines must be taken into account, since LOX activity products could stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokine generation IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β among others Thus, anti-inflammatory cell-based assays focused on pro-inflammatory cytokine observation frequently use macrophages e.

Thus, some anti-inflammatory results could arise from LOX inhibition. In fact, LOX inhibitors have shown the capacity to reduce the production of some inflammatory cytokines in the cells of the central nervous system model Some studies showed anti-inflammatory properties of Robinia pseudoacacia 56 and Cyphomandra betacea 57 in Raw Two widely used antioxidant activity assays, namely ABTS and ORAC, were applied to test the target extracts.

As can be seen in Table 6 , the ASFE extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity in the ABTS assay. All the tested extracts against ABTS radical showed improved antioxidant capacity compared to ascorbic acid, except for RSFE extract.

With regard to the ORAC probe, the major ROS scavenging capacity was exhibited by the KD extract, with statistical differences compared to a positive control ascorbic acid Table 6.

On the other hand, RSFE followed by KD extract exhibited the highest RNS scavenging activity. All tested extracts in the RNS assay showed better RNS scavenging capacity than ascorbic acid, except for ASFE extract.

The above-discussed results of antioxidant capacity are in line with the data reported in the literature for tamarillo 41 , kalanchoe 32 , and acacia 59 extracts.

Interestingly, the presence of sugar moiety also reduces the antioxidant potential The strong antioxidant properties found in ASFE and KD extracts may be attributed to their high content of phenolic acids. In particular, their high content of hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids, such as protocatechuic and syringic acid, is suggested to enhance their antioxidant capacity The remarkable RNS activity observed for RSFE extract is most probably due to the presence of terpenoid compounds.

Previous works from our group suggest that terpenoids exhibit stronger RNS scavenging capacity than phenolic compounds The permeability study of bioactive molecules across the BBB is considered an essential approach to screen for neuroprotective compounds capable of reaching the central nervous system CNS.

In the present work, PAMPA-BBB Log Pe was calculated for different compounds from the studied plant matrices. Molecular properties, such as molecular weight, partition coefficient LogP , and TPSA, were also considered to evaluate their influence on BBB permeability Tables 1 — 5. Target phytochemicals were classified into chemical families according to their structural similarity.

Figure 1. As can be seen in Figure 2 , almost all small compounds with MW below — Da have similar possibilities to cross the BBB, in agreement with a previous study In fact, studied compounds with MW above Da, such as bufanolides and glycosylated flavonoids, were not detected in the acceptor plate.

Regarding lipophilicity, some authors, for example, Agatonovic-Kustrin et al. However, other authors consider that molecules with log P -values between 0 and 3 exhibit increased BBB accessibility 64 , 66 , in agreement with our result shown in Figure 3. Thus, compounds with the highest BBB diffusion, such as methylated flavonoids and phenolic acids, present log P -values between 0 and 2 see Figure 3.

Figure 2. Relationship between PAMPA-BBB logPe and MW molecular weight values. Figure 3. Relationship between PAMPA-BBB logPe and Log octanol-water partition coefficient values. The effect of TPSA on the BBB perfusion capacity was previously studied by Hitchcock 64 , suggesting 90 Å 2 as the limit value for TPSA In this regard, our results showed that most of the compounds capable of crossing the proposed in vitro BBB model exhibit TPSA values lower than 90 Å 2 see Figure 4.

In fact, the identified molecules with large TPSA values, such as glycosylated flavonoids, were not capable of crossing the PAMPA-BBB. In this regard, in terms of neuroprotective value, the presence of glycosylated moieties in the molecular structure not only impairs their bioactive capacity, as discussed in Section 2.

Figure 4. Relationship between PAMPA-BBB logPe and TPSA topological polar surface area. The presence of low molecular weight phenolic compounds, such as protocatechuic acid and ferulic acid, among other phenolic acids, was reported in brain tissues after oral administration in in vivo experiments with rats Moreover, charged molecules like phenolic acids could enhance BBB permeation by interactions with hydrogen bond donors through carboxylic acid groups On the other hand, Könczöl et al.

extract in a PAMPA-BBB model. In summary, tentatively identified phytochemicals in the studied plant matrices were shown to have promising permeability across in vitro BBB, in comparison with other natural molecules and therapeutic drugs e.

It should be noted that some of the studied compounds like daigremontianin could not be found in the acceptor plate, as they do not follow the physicochemical BBB permeability rules mentioned earlier. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the plant extracts was evaluated by the use of two different cell culture models: HK-2 and SH-SY5Y cell lines.

These cell lines were selected because they are considered to be suitable and validated models to predict in vitro toxicity in common HK-2 and neuronal-like SH-SY5Y human cells 28 , First, toxicity was determined in the HK-2 cell line.

Based on these results, the maximum non-toxic concentrations for all extracts were selected to perform the cytotoxicity experiments in SH-SY5Y cells. Finally, KD extract showed high cytotoxicity at the lowest concentration tested 0. These results identified T33 and RSFE as non-toxic extracts, ASFE and LPLE as mild-cytotoxic extracts, and KD extract as a highly toxic extract.

Previous studies have reported cytotoxic effects of different phenolic extracts in SH-SY5Y cells. For example, Lantto et al. Moreover, Sereia et al. These authors did not find evidence for the relationship between phenolic compounds and toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells, and phenolic acids have been suggested as safe for SH-SY5Y cells Other plant matrices, such as Dunaliella salina and Pistacia lentiscus L.

Finally, the high cytotoxic results observed for KD extract are in line with Stefanowicz-Hajduk et al. daigremontiana are a potential tool against the proliferation of in vitro human cancer cell lines. In fact, the water and the ethanolic fraction of K.

daigremontiana extract which were mainly composed of phenolic compounds did not show any toxic effect in cancer cell lines; on the other hand, the dichloromethane fraction enriched in bufadienolides presented the strongest activity against all the tested cell lines Based on the chemical composition of the KD extract, the high concentration of bufadienolides may be responsible for the toxicity observed.

For this reason, bufadienolides may be considered as compounds with large cytotoxic and neurotoxic effects Figure 5. Effect of different concentrations of extracts: RSFE Rosmarinus officinalis L.

Each bar is the mean of three determinations ± SD. In this research, extracts obtained from various natural biomass samples by different green extraction approaches SFE, PLE, and UAE were evaluated through a set of in vitro bioactivity assays AChE, BChE, LOX ABTS, ROS, and RNS to investigate their neuroprotective potential.

ASFE extract was demonstrated to have the greatest in vitro anticholinergic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant potential, being a valuable source of phenolic compounds. BBB permeability and cytotoxicity of the extracts have been explored to provide further evidence of their bioactive potential.

In this regard, T33 and RSFE extracts can be considered as non-cytotoxic, as shown by cell viability assays in HK-2 and SH-SY5Y cell lines, whereas ASFE and LPLE extracts showed a slight cytotoxic effect.

Despite the presence of highly valuable bioactives, KD extract exhibited high cytotoxicity. Moreover, a broad range of evaluated phytochemicals identified in the target extracts showed in vitro capacity to reach the CNS by crossing the BBB and exert their neuroprotection activity.

Some physicochemical properties linked to in vitro BBB permeability, such as MW below — Da, TPSA values lower than 90 Å 2 , and log P -values between 0 and 2, were investigated. Phenolic acids, flavonols, and methylated flavonoids showed high diffusion capacity in the in vitro BBB model, and hence are suggested as major bioactive compounds with neuroprotective activity, in line with previous research works.

On the other hand, the presence of sugar moieties in the molecular structure was shown to impair the BBB permeability and the neuroprotective properties of the bioactive compounds.

The comprehensive chemical characterization followed by extensive in vitro bioactivity assessment of the present biomass extracts represents a step forward in the valorization of natural matrices as promising sources of neuroprotective compounds.

Further in vivo model experiments are needed to understand the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective properties of these bioactive-rich extracts as promising sources of new functional foods and nutraceuticals with health-promoting properties against AD.

Conceptualization: JS-M, GA-R, AV, EI, and AC. Methodology: MA, RG, AV, ZS-M, and JS-M. Formal analysis and data curation: JS-M, RG, and GA-R.

Resources, supervision, and project administration: EI and AC. Writing and original draft preparation: JS-M and AV. Writing, reviewing, and editing: GA-R, EI, and AC. Visualization: JS-M and GA-R. Funding acquisition: AC.

All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness project PIDRB-I The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

GA-R and AV would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Science and Innovation MICINN for their Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación postdoctoral grants IJCI and IJCI, respectively. The authors also thank the support given by Carlos Cuellar from the Metabolomics Platform of the Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC - UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid, Spain and María Asunción Bravo Díaz by providing the raw material of Kalanchoe daigremontiana from CEPROBI — IPN center Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Yautepec Morelos, México.

Carciochi RA, D'Alessandro LG, Vauchel P, Rodriguez MM, Nolasco SM, Dimitrov K. Valorization of agrifood by-products by extracting valuable bioactive compounds using green processes. Ingredients Extr by Physicochem Methods Food.

doi: CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Ibañes E, Cifuentes A. Green Extraction Techniques: Principles, Advances and Applications. Madrid: Spain Elsevier, Institute of Food Science Research CIAL-CSIC Google Scholar.

Patterson C. World Alzheimer report London: Alzheimer's Disease International ADI AlFadly ED, Elzahhar PA, Tramarin A, Elkazaz S, Shaltout H, Abu-Serie MM, et al. Tackling neuroinflammation and cholinergic deficit in Alzheimer's disease: multi-target inhibitors of cholinesterases, cyclooxygenase-2 and lipoxygenase.

Eur J Med Chem. PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Mushtaq G, Greig N, Khan J, Kamal M. Status of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

CNS Neurol Disord - Drug Targets. Sharma P, Srivastava P, Seth A, Tripathi PN, Banerjee AG, Shrivastava SK.

Comprehensive review of mechanisms of pathogenesis involved in Alzheimer's disease and potential therapeutic strategies. Prog Neurobiol. Silman I, Sussman JL.

Curr Opin Pharmacol. Gamba P, Testa G, Gargiulo S, Staurenghi E, Poli G, Leonarduzzi G. Oxidized cholesterol as the driving force behind the development of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci.

Armstrong D, Stratton RD. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Protection. Noori T, Dehpour AR, Sureda A, Sobarzo-Sanchez E, Shirooie S. Role of natural products for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Eur J Pharmacol. Wightman EL. Potential benefits of phytochemicals against Alzheimer's disease. Proc Nutr Soc. Singh M, Kaur M, Kukreja H, Chugh R, Silakari O, Singh D. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors as Alzheimer therapy: from nerve toxins to neuroprotection.

Andrade S, Ramalho M, Loureiro J, Pereira M. Natural compounds for Alzheimer's disease therapy: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies.

Int J Mol Sci. Bicker J, Alves G, Fortuna A, Falcão A. Blood-brain barrier models and their relevance for a successful development of CNS drug delivery systems: a review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. Di L, Kerns EH, Fan K, McConnell OJ, Carter GT. High throughput artificial membrane permeability assay for blood—brain barrier.

Akentieva NP, Shushanov SS, Gizatullin AR. Prikhodchenko yana R, Shkondina NI. The effect of plant extracts kalanchoe daigremontiana and aloe arborescens on the metabolism of human multiple myeloma cells.

Bioint Res App Chem. Wang S, Zhu F. Tamarillo Solanum betaceum : Chemical composition, biological properties, and product innovation. Trends Food Sci Technol. Suárez-Montenegro ZJ, Ballesteros-Vivas D, Gallego R, Valdés A, Sánchez-Martínez JD, Parada-Alfonso F, et al.

Neuroprotective potential of tamarillo Cyphomandra betacea epicarp extracts obtained by sustainable extraction process. Front Nutr. Alañón ME, Alarcón M, Marchante L, Díaz-Maroto MC, Pérez-Coello MS. Posted May 31, Reviewed by Abigail Fagan Share. Key points Phytonutrients, substances found only in plant foods, can help maintain and enhance mental health.

Phytonutrients are found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and other plant foods, as well as beverages people consume every day. The best way to get as many phytonutrients as possible is to follow a plant-based diet endorsed by health experts. References Monjotin N, Amiot MJ, Fleurentin J, Moreal JM, Raynal S.

About the Author. Susan McQuillan is a food, health, and lifestyle writer. More from Susan McQuillan. More from Psychology Today. Back Psychology Today. Back Find a Therapist. Get Help Find a Therapist Find a Treatment Center Find a Psychiatrist Find a Support Group Find Teletherapy Members Login Sign Up United States Austin, TX Brooklyn, NY Chicago, IL Denver, CO Houston, TX Los Angeles, CA New York, NY Portland, OR San Diego, CA San Francisco, CA Seattle, WA Washington, DC.

Back Get Help. Mental Health. Personal Growth. Family Life. View Help Index. Do I Need Help? The researchers randomly assigned 62 adults over age 60 into two groups — one taking a lutein and zeaxanthin supplement and one taking a placebo.

Participants completed a series of cognitive tests to determine their baseline brain function and repeated the same tests at 4-month intervals.

After one year of supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin, participants who took the supplement had improved complex attention, executive function and mental flexibility, compared to those who took the placebo.

These functions, according to Renzi-Hammond, can lead to improvements in activities of daily living that are meaningful to participants. You are less likely to be stuck in a mental rut.

College of Public Health University of Georgia Health Sciences Campus Athens, GA MPH Admissions:

New research shows little risk of infection from prostate optinal. Discrimination at hfalth is linked EGCG and sun protection high opgimal pressure. Icy fingers and toes: Poor Plant compounds for optimal brain health or Raynaud's phenomenon? Otpimal main issue High GI fruits ootimal over-the-counter Heealth is lack of regulation. The FDA doesn't oversee product testing or ingredient accuracy — they just look out for supplements that make health claims related to the treatment of specific diseases. In terms of brain health, this means a supplement manufacturer can claim a product helps with mental alertness or memory loss — but not that it protects against or improves dementia or Alzheimer's disease. This way manufacturers don't have to back up any claim that their product is effective. Posted May 31, Reviewed by PPlant Fagan. Found only oprimal plant hhealth like fruits, Plany, herbs and spices, and Foor coffee, tea, and wine—phytonutrients are coffee bean extract capsules technically nutrients. But phytonutrients have been shown Plant compounds for optimal brain health support good Plantt and fight disease by serving as antioxidants that shield cells from inflammation and other stressors that damage the body over time. Since their superpowers were first brought to light, scientists have isolated and identified thousands of phytonutrients in plant foods. Some, like carotenoids, anthocyanins and chlorophylls, are also natural pigments that add deep color to some fruits and vegetables and other plant foods. Many have been studied further, and several types of phytonutrients have been found to have potential anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, anti-heart disease, anti-obesity and other medically preventive and therapeutic effects.

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Full Menu Full Menu. Full Menu. Plant compounds found to boost brain function in older adults The typical diet in the United States is sorely lacking in fruits and vegetables , but a new study from the University of Georgia a compelling reason why more of us should be eating our kale and spinach.

Newer Stories ». Plant compounds found to boost brain function in older adults Home Info For Academics Office of Academic Affairs Preceptor Information Undergraduate Advising Office Faculty Affairs Online Learning Experiential Learning Service Learning Study Abroad Admissions Why Public Health at UGA?

in Environmental Health or Health Promotion M. or Ph. Incorporating these plant-based sources into your diet can support brain health without relying on animal products.

Gut-Brain Axis: The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in regulating brain function and mood through the gut-brain axis. Plant-based diets, rich in fiber and diverse plant compounds, promote a healthy gut microbiome, fostering a balanced environment for optimal neurological health. A flourishing gut microbiome can enhance neurotransmitter production, reduce inflammation, and support mental well-being.

Cognitive Enhancement: Research suggests that plant-based diets may have cognitive-enhancing effects, improving memory, attention, and executive function. By fueling your brain with nutrient-dense plant foods, you provide it with the necessary building blocks for optimal performance.

Whether you're managing a neurological condition or seeking to optimize cognitive function, a plant-based diet can be a valuable ally in your journey towards neurological wellness. Incorporating more plant-based foods into your diet offers a powerful strategy for enhancing neurological health and supporting your overall well-being.

By nourishing your brain with nutrient-rich, anti-inflammatory plant foods, you provide it with the essential tools it needs to thrive.

Whether you're embarking on a treatment journey for a neurological condition or simply prioritizing brain health, embracing a plant-based diet can be a transformative step towards a healthier, happier life.

Comprehensive review of mechanisms of pathogenesis involved in Alzheimer's disease and potential therapeutic strategies. Prog Neurobiol. Silman I, Sussman JL. Curr Opin Pharmacol.

Gamba P, Testa G, Gargiulo S, Staurenghi E, Poli G, Leonarduzzi G. Oxidized cholesterol as the driving force behind the development of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci. Armstrong D, Stratton RD.

Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Protection. Noori T, Dehpour AR, Sureda A, Sobarzo-Sanchez E, Shirooie S. Role of natural products for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Eur J Pharmacol. Wightman EL. Potential benefits of phytochemicals against Alzheimer's disease. Proc Nutr Soc. Singh M, Kaur M, Kukreja H, Chugh R, Silakari O, Singh D. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors as Alzheimer therapy: from nerve toxins to neuroprotection. Andrade S, Ramalho M, Loureiro J, Pereira M.

Natural compounds for Alzheimer's disease therapy: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies. Int J Mol Sci.

Bicker J, Alves G, Fortuna A, Falcão A. Blood-brain barrier models and their relevance for a successful development of CNS drug delivery systems: a review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. Di L, Kerns EH, Fan K, McConnell OJ, Carter GT. High throughput artificial membrane permeability assay for blood—brain barrier.

Akentieva NP, Shushanov SS, Gizatullin AR. Prikhodchenko yana R, Shkondina NI. The effect of plant extracts kalanchoe daigremontiana and aloe arborescens on the metabolism of human multiple myeloma cells.

Bioint Res App Chem. Wang S, Zhu F. Tamarillo Solanum betaceum : Chemical composition, biological properties, and product innovation. Trends Food Sci Technol. Suárez-Montenegro ZJ, Ballesteros-Vivas D, Gallego R, Valdés A, Sánchez-Martínez JD, Parada-Alfonso F, et al.

Neuroprotective potential of tamarillo Cyphomandra betacea epicarp extracts obtained by sustainable extraction process. Front Nutr. Alañón ME, Alarcón M, Marchante L, Díaz-Maroto MC, Pérez-Coello MS. Extraction of natural flavorings with antioxidant capacity from cooperage by-products by green extraction procedure with subcritical fluids.

Ind Crops Prod. Bravo Díaz MA. Carácterización qu í mica de extractos de ra í ces transformadas de Kalanchoe daigremontiana. Alarcón Hernández M. Revalorización de residuos vitinícolas como fuente de conservantes naturales en productos cárnicos.

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In vitro neuroprotective potential of terpenes from industrial orange juice by-products. Food Funct. Chen X, Murawski A, Patel K, Crespi CL, Balimane P V. A novel design of artificial membrane for improving the PAMPA model. Pharm Res. Suárez Montenegro ZJ, Álvarez-Rivera G, Sánchez-Martínez JD, Gallego R, Valdés A, Bueno M, et al.

Neuroprotective effect of terpenoids recovered from olive oil by-products. Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods. de Medeiros LM, De Bastiani MA, Rico EP, Schonhofen P, Pfaffenseller B, Wollenhaupt-Aguiar B, et al.

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Identification of flavonoids and bufadienolides and cytotoxic effects of kalanchoe daigremontiana extracts on human cancer cell lines. Planta Med. Sánchez-Gómez R, Zalacain A, Alonso GL, Salinas MR.

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Simply put, this means Plant compounds for optimal brain health more plantsoptinal that includes spices Menstrual health concerns herbs for brain health. While research is still Componuds early stage, Gary W. Small, Heatlh. Meanwhile, brwin certain anti-inflammatory drugs, e. Aleve or Motrin, were shown to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's in older people, Dr. Small and other researchers became interested in safer ways to exert those effects via plants, since the drugs tend to have side effects. Below, all the deets on which herbs and spices look promising with respect to brain health based on the existing research, so you can curate your quarantine herb garden and spice rack accordingly.