A, Shown are the times of day mean [SD] that participants Time-restridted eating left Vegan weight gain tips Time-restrictfd box and left whisker and stopped eating right Tkme-restricted of box Stress relief through aromatherapy right whisker in apprlach group.
The vertical line within the boxes indicates the median time of the eating window eatnig across all participants. eTable Timerestricted. Baseline Characteristics Time-gestricted Completers Versus Protein intake for endurance athletes. eTable 3.
Completers-Only Analysis of Cranberry vinegar recipes and Secondary Time-restrkcted. Jamshed HSteger FL approacch, Bryan DR, Alternative medicine treatments al.
Effectiveness eatting Early Time-Restricted Time-restrited for Weight Loss, Fat Loss, and Cardiometabolic Health in Adults Tome-restricted Obesity : A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Time-restricted eating approach Med. Question Is early time-restricted eating more effective than eating Time-restrictdd a period Ti,e-restricted 12 or more hours for losing weight and body fat?
In a secondary Time-rfstricted of completers, early eatinf eating was more effective for losing weight and approzch fat. Meaning Early time-restricted eating was more eatin for weight loss than eating over a window of 12 or Virtual energy refuel hours; larger studies sating needed Timw-restricted fat loss.
Approach It is unclear Time-rwstricted effective intermittent fasting Blood sugar control and eye health for losing weight and body fat, and the effects may depend Thyroid Fortifying Products the timing Meal prep tips the Time-restrictee window.
This randomized trial compared time-restricted eating Apprach with eating over a period of appgoach or more hours while matching weight-loss counseling across groups, Powerful electrical infrastructure. Objective To determine whether practicing TRE by eating early Antidepressant for major depression the day wating is High-impact exercises effective for weight loss, aplroach loss, Time-restrited cardiometabolic health than eating over approwch period of 12 or more hours.
Design, Setting, and Participants The study was Timer-estricted week, eatiing, randomized clinical trial conducted between August and Sports performance supplements Participants were Time-restricted eating approach aged 25 to 75 Time-restrictsd with obesity and who Tkme-restricted weight-loss treatment through the Weight Loss Tije-restricted Clinic Time-rwstricted the University Time-restrictes Alabama at Birmingham Eatong.
Main Powerful electrical infrastructure and Measures The Performance boosting snacks outcomes were Ti,e-restricted loss and Tiem-restricted loss.
Vegan weight gain tips outcomes included blood Time-rextricted, heart rate, glucose levels, insulin levels, Time-resteicted plasma Time-reestricted levels. Results Paproach participants were enrolled mean [SD] wating mass index, All Time-destricted cardiometabolic risk factors, food intake, physical activity, and sleep outcomes Time-rfstricted similar between groups.
Conclusions and Relevance In this randomized clinical trial, eTRE Time-restrictex more effective eafing losing weight and Clean caffeine alternative diastolic blood Time-resteicted and mood than eating over a window Time-restriced 12 or more hours appriach 14 weeks.
Trial Registration ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT Intermittent Time-restricetd IF is the practice of alternating eating and extended fasting.
In recent years, IF has been touted for losing weight and body fat. Indeed, IF approacu decrease body Time-retsricted and preserve lean mass in animals and humans. One approacj of intermittent fasting that is particularly Time-restdicted is time-restricted eating TREwhich we define aapproach eating within Performance optimization techniques consistent window of 10 hours or less and fasting for the rest of the Timer-estricted.
Although promising, most Time-reetricted on TRE are small Time-erstricted single arm or used a weak control group. Therefore, we Time-restricetd a eaating randomized clinical trial comparing TRE with eating over a window of Calorie-burning classes or more hours, eatiny both groups received identical Energy-boosting brain supplements counseling.
We tested Time-resteicted version of TRE called early TRE eTRETime-restriicted involves stopping eating in the afternoon and fasting Time-restrifted the rest of the day. Because Timw-restricted circadian rhythms approach metabolism—such as insulin sensitivity and the eatong effect eatinf food—peak in the morning, eTRE may confer additional Balanced weight loss relative to other forms of TRE.
New patients with obesity at the Weight Loss Medicine Clinic of aeting University of Alabama at Birmingham UAB Hospital were recruited between August and December Time-restrocted direct email, clinic newsletter, and physician referral. Applicants were eligible if they were aged 25 to 75 years, had a body mass index BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared between Additional eligibility criteria are listed in the eMethods in Supplement 1.
Participants self-reported their race, ethnicity, and sex. The trial protocol and statistical analysis plan appear in Supplement 2 and Supplement 3respectively. The study was a week parallel-arm, randomized controlled weight-loss trial.
Aside from when participants ate, all other intervention components were matched across groups. All participants received weight-loss counseling involving energy restriction ER at the UAB Weight Loss Medicine Clinic.
In brief, participants received one-on-one counseling from a registered dietitian at baseline minute session and at weeks 2, 6, and 10 minute sessions. Participants were also instructed to attend at least 10 group classes. See eMethods in Supplement 1 for more details. The co—primary outcomes were weight loss and fat loss.
The secondary outcomes were fasting cardiometabolic risk factors. Additional outcomes included adherence, satisfaction with the eating windows, food intake, physical activity, mood, and sleep. All week 0 and 14 outcomes except adherence and food intake were measured in the morning following a water-only fast of at least 12 hours.
In addition, we measured body weight in the nonfasting state in the clinic every 2 weeks throughout the trial. Body composition was measured using dual x-ray absorptiometry DEXA [iDXA; GE-Lunar Radiation Corporation] and analyzed using enCORE software, version 15 GE Healthcare. Fat loss was assessed in 2 ways: as the ratio of fat loss to weight loss primary fat loss end point and as the absolute change in fat mass secondary fat loss end point.
To accurately assess the former end point, we limited the analysis to completers who lost at least 3. Fasting blood pressure, glucose levels, insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance HOMA-IRHOMA for β-cell function HOMA-βhemoglobin A 1c level, and plasma lipid levels were measured using standard procedures see eMethods in Supplement 1.
Participants reported when they started and stopped eating daily through surveys administered via REDCap Research Electronic Data Capture software. Days with missing surveys were considered nonadherent.
Energy intake and macronutrient composition were measured by 3-day food record using the Remote Food Photography Method. We measured physical activity, mood, sleep, and satisfaction with the eating window using the Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Profile of Moods—Short Form POMS-SFthe Patient Health Questionnaire-9 PHQ-9the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire MCTQthe Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index PSQIand a 5-point Likert scale, respectively see eMethods in Supplement 1.
The trial was statistically powered to detect a We decided to assess the ratio of fat loss to weight loss only in completers who lost at least 3. Analyses were performed in R, version 4. All analyses were intention-to-treat, except that the ratio of fat loss to weight loss and questionnaire data were analyzed in completers only.
End points with 3 or more repeated measures included body weight and adherence and were analyzed using linear mixed models.
All other end points were analyzed using multiple imputation by chained equations, followed by linear regression. Between-group analyses were adjusted for age, race Black vs non-Blackand sex male vs femalewhile baseline data and within-group changes were analyzed using independent t tests.
Following our preregistered statistical plan, we also performed a secondary analysis in completers using the same statistical methods. See eMethods in Supplement 1 for more statistical details.
We screened people and enrolled 90 participants Figure 1. Participants had a mean SD BMI of Adverse events in both groups were mild see eAppendix in Supplement 1. Unfortunately, because of the COVID pandemic, we were unable to collect postintervention data on primary and secondary outcomes in 11 participants see eMethods in Supplement 1.
There were also no statistically significant differences in the changes in fat-free mass, trunk fat, visceral fat, waist circumference, or appendicular lean mass Table 2. There were no statistically significant differences in systolic blood pressure, heart rate, glucose levels, insulin levels, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, hemoglobin A 1c level, or plasma lipid levels Table 2.
All other mood and sleep end points were similar between groups eFigures 1 and 2 in Supplement 1. All other primary and secondary outcomes were similar between groups eTable 3 in Supplement 1. We conducted a randomized weight-loss trial comparing TRE with eating over a period of 12 or more hours where both groups received the same weight-loss counseling.
Our data suggest that eTRE is feasible, as participants adhered 6. Despite the challenges of navigating evening social activities and occupational schedules, adherence to eTRE was similar to that of other TRE interventions approximately 5.
Furthermore, we found that eTRE was acceptable for many patients. The key finding of this study is that eTRE was more effective for losing weight than eating over a period of 12 or more hours.
In our trial, the eTRE group lost an additional 2. However, our study had better post hoc statistical power owing to less variability in weight loss. Therefore, our results are not incompatible.
Furthermore, our eTRE group extended their daily fasting by twice as much, fasting an extra 4. Most previous studies report that TRE reduces energy intake and does not affect physical activity.
On the other hand, we found no evidence of selective fat loss, as measured by the ratio of fat loss to weight loss. Also, total fat loss was not statistically significant in the main intention-to-treat analysis. Our finding of a difference in weight loss but not fat loss was likely due to lower statistical power because DEXA scans were performed only twice whereas body weight was measured 8 times and using a conservative imputation approach.
In a secondary analysis of completers, eTRE was indeed better for losing body fat and trunk fat than eating over a window of 12 or more hours.
The eTRE intervention increased fat loss by an additional 1. The eTRE intervention was also more effective than eating over a period of 12 or more hours for lowering diastolic blood pressure. The effects were clinically significant and on par with those of the DASH Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet 64 and endurance exercise.
For comparison, 1 previous controlled feeding study reported that eTRE reduces blood pressure, 17 while other TRE studies are mixed but lean null. Indeed, blood pressure has a pronounced circadian rhythm, 68 and circadian misalignment elevates blood pressure in humans.
The eTRE intervention was not more effective for improving other fasting cardiometabolic end points. However, studies on other versions of TRE report more mixed results.
We also had larger variability in fasting insulin level relative to our previous trial. Our study has a few limitations, including being modest in duration, enrolling mostly women, and not achieving our intended sample size, partly owing to the COVID pandemic.
Also, we measured physical activity by self-report, not by accelerometry, which may have limited our ability to detect differences in physical activity between groups. Finally, we measured cardiometabolic end points only in the fasting state.
Future research should investigate glycemic end points in the postprandial state or over a hour period.
: Time-restricted eating approach| A Guide to Better Nutrition | Figure 1. Timing of eating for each day at Pre- and End-Intervention. Individual participants are represented by different colored points. The non-TRE participants are depicted on the top, while the TRE participants are depicted on the bottom; each participant is depicted once at both Baseline Left and End Intervention Right. A shift toward the line of identity blue solid line , would be indicative of a shortened eating window consistent with TRE. Upper left box represents an early-TRE eating pattern, whereas the lower right box represents a late TRE eating pattern. The middle box represents an intermediate-TRE eating pattern which the timing of the first and last meals were shifted by similar magnitudes. Eating pattern was categorized using the timing of the first and last eating occasion of the day Table 2. Finally, no participants in the TRE group elected to follow a Late-TRE pattern. Finally, there were 2 individuals in the non-TRE group who adopted a Late-TRE eating pattern where they delayed both their first and last eating occasions. We investigated change in late-night eating, or the timing of the last eating occasion relative to bedtime expressed as hours before bed from pre- to end-intervention. At pre-intervention, all participants had at least one instance of eating within 2 h of bedtime. Pre-intervention values and change in actigraphy-estimated sleep variables are reported by group in Table 3. Compared to the recommended 7—9 h 24 , participants in both groups on average obtained insufficient sleep on weekdays and weekends at pre-intervention and end-intervention. Average sleep duration at pre-intervention for the entire sample was 6. No significant differences in weekday or weekend sleep variables were found between the TRE and Non-TRE groups at either pre-intervention or end-intervention. Changes in all actigraphy variables from pre- to end-intervention were not significantly associated with group. Analyses revealed a significant association between sleep duration and change in eating window, controlling for pre-intervention eating window. Table 3. Pre-intervention and change from pre- to end-intervention for actigraphy-estimated sleep by group. In this examination of participants following a randomized-controlled trial of a self-selected TRE intervention, we found that the TRE group significantly delayed the first eating occasion of the day and advanced the last eating occasion of the day, with most participants following an Early or Intermediate TRE eating pattern in the TRE group. In contrast, most participants in the non-TRE group maintained an Early-Late eating pattern such that their food consumption occurred across the entire day. Notably, only 4 participants in the TRE condition were consistent across days in their eating pattern, while most participants had a combination of both Early and Intermediate eating. Findings from the current study suggest that TRE intervention does not worsen sleep, as we found no change in objectively measured sleep duration or timing from pre- to end-intervention for either group. Moreover, greater restriction of the eating window was associated with longer sleep duration. However, study participants on average obtained less than the recommended 7—9 h of sleep per night, suggesting insufficient sleep. As insufficient sleep is independently associated with obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome 25 — 27 , a focus on TRE's effects on sleep may be warranted. Future research incorporating behavioral strategies to enhance sleep during TRE intervention could be considered. Late-night eating was significantly reduced in the TRE group, with participants completely ceasing food consumption within 2h of bedtime at end-intervention. This was in contrast to the non-TRE group which did not change their late-night eating habits. Prior studies have shown that late-night eating is associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and metabolic syndrome 28 , consistent with our findings that late-night eating was associated with higher fasting glucose and HbA1c. Sutton et al. investigated the effects of an early TRE intervention 6-h eating window which the end time was set to on weight and metabolic outcomes. Despite no change in weight, they found improvements in insulin sensitivity, beta cell responsiveness, and blood pressure 4. In contrast, Weiss recently showed that in a TRE intervention which restricted the eating window to —, there were no changes in glycemic outcomes Data from the present study are consistent with previous reports in the literature. Together, these findings suggest that reduced late-night eating may be one mechanism by which TRE might improve metabolic measures. Further studies on the timing of TRE are warranted to understand which components of TRE interventions drive the reported weight and metabolic related changes. The field of TRE suggests restricting eating to a certain time of day affects daily activity-rest rhythms and the intrinsic circadian clock Specifically, TRE may alter the circadian misalignment that commonly occurs in today's society due in part to activity and eating through the day and night facilitated by artificial light and the prevalence of personal electronic devices Because participants in the current study self-selected their eating window, it is possible that they chose their TRE schedule based on their convenience, regardless of their natural circadian rhythm. A longitudinal study of the British Birth Cohort showed that more irregular eating patterns were associated with future risk for metabolic syndrome and obesity Others have demonstrated that consistency in the timing of other lifestyle behaviors, like exercise, is related to improved weight loss 32 , thus considering the variability of behavior timing may be an important consideration for future studies. Notably, 6 participants were classified as having an Inconsistent meal timing pattern at end-intervention. Further study considering the impact of meal timing variability in the context of TRE and impact on health outcomes is suggested. Additionally, future research assessing chronotype morning vs. evening preference and circadian rhythms directly via melatonin in conjunction with both self-selected and assigned TRE schedules may help to better elucidate how TRE interacts with circadian rhythms to effect weight loss. Strengths of the current study include objective measurement of sleep variables, real-time assessment of dietary timing, and a randomized, age- and sex-matched non-TRE control group. Having the control group provided critical comparison, as several participants still shifted their eating patterns despite being instructed to maintain their usual eating habits. Limiting factors include the small sample size, which limited our power and reduced our ability to control for potential covariates in analyses, though the current sample is similar to many of the existing TRE studies 3 , As food intake was captured only by images and text description in the mCC app, we could not quantify energy intake, another acknowledged limitation. Thus, interpretation of results should be considered in the context of this preliminary pilot study. A majority of participants were female, which may limit generalizability of findings to males. Part of the inclusion criteria for the current study required participants to have a relatively stable sleep schedule; thus, our findings may not be representative of those with more variable schedules. These data emphasize the importance of assessing adherence to intervention and control group requirements in behavioral interventions particularly in those interventions which are popular in the mainstream media. The TRE intervention did not negatively impact sleep, and those with greater restriction of their eating window also had longer sleep duration. We recommend applying the meal timing classification methodology to future trials of TRE in larger sample sizes. Future research examining eating variability, directly intervening on sleep habits, and comparing Early vs. Late TRE, as well as Intermediate TRE as a novel framework in larger samples may help elucidate mechanisms responsible for the effect of TRE on weight loss in individuals with obesity. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by University of Minnesota IRB. LC, SS, and JB: conceptualization. LC, DM, SP, and EM: methodology. SS and JB: formal analysis and writing—original draft preparation. LC: investigation and funding acquisition. SS, JB, EM, SP, DM, and LC: writing—review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported by the Healthy Foods Healthy Lives program 17SFR-2YR50LC to LC and the National Institutes of Health NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, UL1TR; NIH NIDDK, 1K23DK to SS. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. Author SP has authored the book The Circadian Code, for which he receives author royalties and in which he specifically recommends time restricted eating. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Gill S, Panda S. A smartphone app reveals erratic diurnal eating patterns in humans that can be modulated for health benefits. Cell Metab. doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Chow LS, Manoogian ENC, Alvear A, Fleischer JG, Thor H, Dietsche K, et al. Time restricted eating effects on body composition and metabolic measures in humans who are overweight: a feasibility study. Obesity Silver Spring. Wilkinson MJ, Manoogian ENC, Zadourian A, Lo H, Fakhouri S, Shoghi A, et al. Ten-hour time-restricted eating reduces weight, blood pressure, and atherogenic lipids in patients with metabolic syndrome. Cell Metabol. Sutton EF, Beyl R, Early KS, Cefalu WT, Ravussin E, Peterson CM. Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes. Garaulet M, Qian J, Florez JC, Arendt J, Saxena R, Scheer F. Melatonin effects on glucose metabolism: time to unlock the controversy. Trends Endocrinol Metab. McHill AW, Phillips AJ, Czeisler CA, Keating L, Yee K, Barger LK, et al. Later circadian timing of food intake is associated with increased body fat. Am J Clin Nutr. Moro T, Tinsley G, Bianco A, Marcolin G, Pacelli QF, Battaglia G, et al. J Transl Med. Carlson O, Martin B, Stote KS, Golden E, Maudsley S, Najjar SS, et al. Impact of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction on glucose regulation in healthy, normal-weight middle-aged men and women. Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM. Comparison of effects of diet versus exercise weight loss regimens on LDL and HDL particle size in obese adults. Lipids Health Dis. Moro T, Tinsley G, Bianco A, Marcolin G, Pacelli QF, Battaglia G, Palma A, et al. Santos HO, Macedo RC. Impact of intermittent fasting on the lipid profile: Assessment associated with diet and weight loss. Clin Nutr ESPEN. Molina-Jiménez A, López-Oliva S, Garicano-Vilar E, del Carmen Morais-Moreno M, de Cuevillas B, de Prado JG, Avila-Diaz P et al. Biochemistry and endocrine changes after a 6-week Mediterranean diet intervention with fasting for weight loss. EuroMediterranean Biomed J. Klempel MC, Varady KA. Reliability of leptin, but not adiponectin, as a biomarker for diet-induced weight loss in humans. Siklova-Vitkova M, Klimcakova E, Polak J, Kovacova Z, Tencerova M, Rossmeislova L, Bajzova M, et al. Adipose tissue secretion and expression of adipocyte-produced and stromavascular fraction-produced adipokines vary during multiple phases of weight-reducing dietary intervention in obese women. J Clin Endocr. Tajtákova M, Petrásova D, Petrovicová J, Pytliak M, Semanová Z. Adiponectin as a biomarker of clinical manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Heinonen M, Laaksonen D, Karhu T, Karhunen L, Laitinen T, Kainulainen S, Rissanen A, et al. Effect of diet-induced weight loss on plasma apelin and cytokine levels in individuals with the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. Christiansen T, Paulsen SK, Bruun JM, Pedersen SB, Richelsen B. Exercise training versus diet-induced weight-loss on metabolic risk factors and inflammatory markers in obese subjects: a week randomized intervention study. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, Nishida M, Matsuyama A, Okamoto Y, Ishigami M, et al. Adipocyte-derived plasma protein, adiponectin, suppresses lipid accumulation and class A scavenger receptor expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Waki H, Terauchi Y, Kubota N, Hara K, Mori Y, et al. The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity. Nat Med. Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: impact on human health. Phcog Rev. Landete J. Dietary intake of natural antioxidants: vitamins and polyphenols. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. LeCheminant JD, Christenson E, Bailey BW, Tucker LA. Restricting night-time eating reduces daily energy intake in healthy young men: a short-term cross-over study. Br J Nutr. Sundfør T, Tonstad S, Svendsen M. Effects of intermittent versus continuous energy restriction for weight loss on diet quality and eating behavior. A randomized trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. Bracci EL, Keogh JB, Milte R, Murphy KJ. A comparison of dietary quality and nutritional adequacy of popular energy restricted diets against the australian guide to healthy eating and the Mediterranean Diet. Ptomey LT, Willis EA, Goetz JR, Lee J, Szabo-Reed AN, Sullivan DK, Donnelly JE. J Hum Nutr Diet. Download references. Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey. Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. ÖMÇ designed the study, collected data, performed the statistical analyses, wrote the manuscript. EK designed the study and wrote the manuscript. MA designed the study and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Özge Mengi Çelik. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Where the study was conducted : Gazi University Faculty of Health Sciences Nutrition and Diet Individual Counseling Center, Ankara, Turkey. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and permissions. Mengi Çelik, Ö. BMC Nutr 9 , 97 Download citation. Received : 12 January Accepted : 26 July Published : 09 August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background Time-restricted eating TRE is a current popular dietary strategy for noncommunicable diseases. Methods This pilot study was completed 23 healthy overweight female. Conclusion Energy-restricted diet yielded better results in weight loss and improvement of body composition and diet quality compared to TRE. Introduction Obesity is a health problem that affects all age groups and has a high prevalence worldwide. Materials and methods Data collection This experimental study was carried out with 26 healthy overweight female individuals aged between 19 and 32 years, who applied to Gazi University Faculty of Health Sciences Nutrition and Diet Individual Counseling Center between January - May Anthropometric measurements and body composition Anthropometric and body composition measurements of individuals were taken by the researcher at the beginning and end of the study in accordance with technique. Determination of resting energy expenditure Resting energy expenditure was measured at the beginning and end of the study using indirect calorimetry COSMED, FitMatePro, Rome, Italy. Biochemical parameters and blood pressure Blood samples from individuals were taken at the beginning and end of the study, after at least 8 h of fasting, in the morning hours by the Gazi University Medical Faculty Hospital blood collection unit in 10 ml yellow capped tubes and delivered to the researcher. Results Twenty-three healthy and overweight female individuals aged between 19 and 32 years participated in the study. Table 1 Characteristics of individuals at the beginning of the study Full size table. Table 2 Changes in anthropometric measurements, body composition and energy expenditure of individuals Full size table. Table 3 Changes in biochemical parameters and blood pressure of individuals Full size table. Table 4 Dietary energy value and nutrient intake before and after the intervention Full size table. Table 5 Comparison of the diet quality of the individuals Full size table. Full size image. Discussion In this study, TRE and ERD were compared in terms of nutritional status and diet quality. Conclusion In the light of current data, TRE emerged as an alternative method of energy restriction and body weight loss. Abbreviations BMI: Body mass index ERD: Energy-restricted diet HDL-C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol HEI: Healthy eating index HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance IL Interleukin 6 LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol OSI: Oxidative stress index PAL: Physical activity level PAR: Physical activity ratio PGC-1α: Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha PPAR-α: Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha REE: Resting energy expenditure TAS: Total antioxidant status TEE: Total energy expenditure TOS: Total oxidant status TRE: Time-restricted eating. References World Health Organization. pdf Rynders CA, Thomas EA, Zaman A, Pan Z, Catenacci VA, Melanson EL. CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Marlatt KL, Redman LM, Burton JH, Martin CK, Ravussin E. CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Kroeger CM, Hoddy KK, Varady KA. PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Nordmo M, Danielsen YS, Nordmo M. Google Scholar Tinsley GM, La Bounty PM. PubMed Google Scholar Hoddy KK, Marlatt KL, Çetinkaya H, Ravussin E. Google Scholar Varady KA, Cienfuegos S, Ezpeleta M, Gabel K. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Morales-Suarez-Varela M, Collado Sanchez E, Peraita-Costa I, Llopis-Morales A, Soriano JM. CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Rothschild J, Hoddy KK, Jambazian P, Varady KA. PubMed Google Scholar Longo VD, Panda S. CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Manoogian EN, Panda S. PubMed Google Scholar Froy O, Miskin R. CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Rajpal A, Ismail-Beigi F. PubMed Google Scholar Gill S, Panda S. CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Hatori M, Vollmers C, Zarrinpar A, DiTacchio L, Bushong EA, Gill S, Leblanc M, et al. CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Panda S. CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Sherman H, Genzer Y, Cohen R, Chapnik N, Madar Z, Froy O. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Chaix A, Zarrinpar A, Miu P, Panda S. CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Abdellatif M, Sedej S. Google Scholar Mayra S, Johnston C. PubMed Central Google Scholar Martens CR, Rossman MJ, Mazzo MR, Jankowski LR, Nagy EE, Denman BA, Richey JJ, et al. PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, Hu FB, et al. PubMed Google Scholar Lupton JR, Brooks J, Butte N, Caballero B, Flatt J, Fried S. Google Scholar Gibson RS. Google Scholar Pekcan G. PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Atigan A, Ardic F, Findikoglu G, Aybek H, Yaylali G. Google Scholar Acar-Tek N, Ağagündüz D, Çelik B, Bozbulut R. PubMed Google Scholar Lee J-M, Bassett DR Jr, Thompson DL, Fitzhugh EC. Google Scholar Ercan M, Caniklioglu A, Oguz EF, Yucel C, Ozcan M, Yilmaz FM, Abusoglu S, et al. Google Scholar Tahapary DL, Pratisthita LB, Fitri NA, Marcella C, Wafa S, Kurniawan F, Rizka A, et al. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Özkan EA, Sadigov A, Öztürk O. PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Paksoy T, Ustaoğlu G, Yaman D, Arıöz Ö, Demirci M, Ünlü Ö, Avcı E, Polat M. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Rakıcıoğlu N, Tek N, Ayaz A, Pekcan A. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Krebs-Smith SM, Pannucci TE, Subar AF, Kirkpatrick SI, Lerman JL, Tooze JA, Wilson MM, et al. PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Tudor-Locke C, Craig CL, Brown WJ, Clemes SA, De Cocker K, Giles-Corti B, Hatano Y, et al. Google Scholar Stansbury ML, Krukowski RA, You W, Harvey JR, West DS. Google Scholar Chow LS, Manoogian EN, Alvear A, Fleischer JG, Thor H, Dietsche K, Wang Q, et al. CAS Google Scholar Schroder JD, Falqueto H, Mânica A, Zanini D, de Oliveira T, de Sá CA, Cardoso AM, et al. Google Scholar Cienfuegos S, Gabel K, Kalam F, Ezpeleta M, Wiseman E, Pavlou V, Lin S, et al. CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Wilkinson MJ, Manoogian EN, Zadourian A, Lo H, Fakhouri S, Shoghi A, Wang X, et al. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Gabel K, Hoddy KK, Haggerty N, Song J, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Panda S, et al. CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar McAllister MJ, Pigg BL, Renteria LI, Waldman HS. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Antoni R, Robertson TM, Robertson MD, Johnston JD. PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Trepanowski JF, Kroeger CM, Barnosky A, Klempel M, Bhutani S, Hoddy KK, Rood J, et al. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Catenacci VA, Pan Z, Ostendorf D, Brannon S, Gozansky WS, Mattson MP, Martin B, et al. CAS Google Scholar Conley M, Le Fevre L, Haywood C, Proietto J. PubMed Google Scholar Coutinho SR, Halset EH, Gåsbakk S, Rehfeld JF, Kulseng B, Truby H, Martins C. PubMed Google Scholar Carter S, Clifton P, Keogh J. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM. Google Scholar Moro T, Tinsley G, Bianco A, Marcolin G, Pacelli QF, Battaglia G, Palma A, et al. Google Scholar Santos HO, Macedo RC. PubMed Google Scholar Molina-Jiménez A, López-Oliva S, Garicano-Vilar E, del Carmen Morais-Moreno M, de Cuevillas B, de Prado JG, Avila-Diaz P et al. PubMed Google Scholar Siklova-Vitkova M, Klimcakova E, Polak J, Kovacova Z, Tencerova M, Rossmeislova L, Bajzova M, et al. Google Scholar Tajtákova M, Petrásova D, Petrovicová J, Pytliak M, Semanová Z. Google Scholar Heinonen M, Laaksonen D, Karhu T, Karhunen L, Laitinen T, Kainulainen S, Rissanen A, et al. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Christiansen T, Paulsen SK, Bruun JM, Pedersen SB, Richelsen B. Google Scholar Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, Nishida M, Matsuyama A, Okamoto Y, Ishigami M, et al. CAS Google Scholar Yamauchi T, Kamon J, Waki H, Terauchi Y, Kubota N, Hara K, Mori Y, et al. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N. CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Landete J. CAS PubMed Google Scholar LeCheminant JD, Christenson E, Bailey BW, Tucker LA. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Sundfør T, Tonstad S, Svendsen M. PubMed Google Scholar Bracci EL, Keogh JB, Milte R, Murphy KJ. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Ptomey LT, Willis EA, Goetz JR, Lee J, Szabo-Reed AN, Sullivan DK, Donnelly JE. CAS PubMed Google Scholar Download references. Acknowledgements The authors thank all individuals who participated in the study. Funding There was no funding or sponsoring organisation for this paper. Author information Authors and Affiliations Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey Özge Mengi Çelik Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey Eda Köksal Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey Müjde Aktürk Authors Özge Mengi Çelik View author publications. View author publications. Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. About this article. Cite this article Mengi Çelik, Ö. Copy to clipboard. BMC Nutrition ISSN: Contact us General enquiries: journalsubmissions springernature. As such, more research is necessary. The intermittent fasting plan has some associated risks and side effects. As a result, the plan is not right for everyone. Potential side effects and risks may include :. Individuals with a history of disordered eating may wish to avoid intermittent fasting. The National Eating Disorders Association warns that fasting is a risk factor for eating disorders. The National Institute on Aging concludes that there is insufficient evidence to recommend any fasting diet, especially for older adults. The intermittent fasting plan is unsuitable for those who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or trying to conceive. People who wish to try the method or other types of intermittent fasting should talk with their doctor first, especially if they:. Anyone who has any concerns or experiences any adverse effects of the diet should consult a doctor. While evidence indicates that the method may be helpful for diabetes prevention, it may not be suitable for those who already have the condition. The intermittent fasting diet is generally not suitable for people with type 1 diabetes. Additionally, many forms of religious fasting list type 1 diabetes as an exemption due to the potential health risks. People with diabetes who wish to try the intermittent fasting plan should see a healthcare professional before making changes to their eating habits. The intermittent fasting plan is a time-restricted form of intermittent fasting. It involves an 8-hour window for food consumption and fasting for 16 hours. Potential benefits may include weight loss, fat loss, and a reduction in the risk of some diseases. People doing intermittent fasting should focus on eating high fiber whole foods and staying hydrated throughout the day. The plan is not right for everyone. Individuals who wish to follow the intermittent fasting diet should speak with a doctor or dietitian if they have any concerns or underlying health conditions. Intermittent fasting is a diet plan that means consuming few to no calories on fasting day and eating normally on nonfasting days. We look at the…. Intermittent fasting has many potential benefits. Tips to start include having a goal and choosing a suitable method. In this Behind the Counter, Dr. Kelly Wood discusses the impact of intermittent fasting on type 2 diabetes, along with the potential benefits and…. Recent research suggests that following the Atlantic diet, which is similar to the Mediterranean diet, may help prevent metabolic syndrome and other…. A new study showed that a Mediterranean or MIND diet improved women's cognitive health during midlife. The study of twins found that those…. My podcast changed me Can 'biological race' explain disparities in health? Why Parkinson's research is zooming in on the gut Tools General Health Drugs A-Z Health Hubs Health Tools Find a Doctor BMI Calculators and Charts Blood Pressure Chart: Ranges and Guide Breast Cancer: Self-Examination Guide Sleep Calculator Quizzes RA Myths vs Facts Type 2 Diabetes: Managing Blood Sugar Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction Connect About Medical News Today Who We Are Our Editorial Process Content Integrity Conscious Language Newsletters Sign Up Follow Us. Medical News Today. Health Conditions Health Products Discover Tools Connect. A guide to intermittent fasting. |
| Perspective: Time-Restricted Eating-Integrating the What with the When | CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Sherman H, Genzer Y, Cohen R, Chapnik N, Madar Z, Froy O. Gomez-Abellan P, Hernandez-Morante JJ, Lujan JA, Madrid JA, Garaulet M. Energy and nutrient intakes of individuals were calculated using the Nutrition Information System BEBIS 8. Meal Timing Regulates the Human Circadian System. It may also be a healthy way to avoid common diet pitfalls, such as late-night snacking. |
| Site Index | The peripheral circadian clocks reciprocally interact with nutrient signals through numerous mechanisms reviewed in 36 , Medication effect score did not change in any group, and no serious adverse events were reported. Effects of 8-hour time restricted feeding on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors in obese adults: a pilot study. Does the restriction of the duration of the eating window need to be proportional to the duration of the baseline eating window? More from Oxford Academic. Despite these early successes, more clinical and mechanistic studies are needed to implement TRE alone or as adjuvant lifestyle intervention for the prevention and management of chronic metabolic diseases. |
Ich denke, dass Sie den Fehler zulassen. Ich kann die Position verteidigen.