Beetroot juice for cardiovascular health -
A total of 20 older adults participated in the study, all of whom completed multiple office visits over a four-week period. For the first part of the study, participants were randomly assigned to drink a bottle of beetroot juice or a placebo juice with no nitrates on two separate visits.
An hour after drinking the juice, patients used a bike machine to assess exercise ability. Previous studies have suggested that beet juice improves exercise endurance almost immediately, although findings are sparse.
For the second part of the study, participants were randomly assigned to consume one bottle of beetroot or placebo juice a day for 6—8 days. They completed an exercise test before and after the intervention to see if there was any change in exercise ability. Beetroot juice also significantly reduced systolic blood pressure immediately after consumption and after week-long consumption.
However, drinking beet juice did not have an immediate impact on exercise tolerance in the first part of the study.
Findings are promising, as treatments to improve exercise ability in heart failure patients are limited. According to authors, medications have been unsuccessful in improving exercise endurance for heart failure patients.
The only proven way to improve exercise capacity in older heart failure patients is through exercise training. Based on recent findings, drinking beet juice may be a simple yet effective way for heart failure patients to improve exercise endurance and improve quality of life.
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Very High Triglycerides Wearable Technology and Your Heart Health Women and Heart Disease. Shared Decisions Your Input Matters What Are Decision Aids? These effects are mainly caused by decreased endogenous nitric oxide production through increased oxidative stress and endothelial damage caused by increased blood shear force [ 28 ].
To date, studies that have investigated the effects of NO3-rich beet juice on the cardiovascular exercise responses of hypertensive patients applied it in an acute dosage of 35 mL and, therefore, with a limited amount of NO3 mg [ 29 , 30 ].
But these dosages are at odds with the pharmacodynamic and dose-response studies of beet juice rich in nitrate, and this may be the main factor why there are no summative effects on the hypotensive response [ 29 ] and autonomic recovery [ 30 ] after exercise were found in women with arterial hypertension.
Furthermore, the study by Wylie et al. Our study aims to resolve these issues by applying the dosages recommended by the studies by Wylie et al. The objective is to investigate the effects of beetroot juice rich in NO3 acutely mg and for a week with daily doses mg on blood pressure; heart rate; cardiac autonomic control; endothelial function; inflammatory, hormonal, and oxidative stress biomarkers; and enzymes involved in nitric oxide synthesis and mitochondrial regulation, under resting conditions, as well as mediated by submaximal aerobic exercise sessions.
We hypothesize that interventions with NO3 from the BRJ, both acutely and during a 1-week intervention, will improve cardiovascular parameters in response to exercise and in the recovery from the submaximal exercise test.
The study is classified as a randomized, crossover, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial and will have two arms. The study protocol is registered on the ClinicalTrials.
gov platform NCT and described according to the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials SPIRIT checklist. The results from this clinical trial will be described following the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials CONSORT guidelines. The study will be conducted at the Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism LAFEM of the School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo EEFERP-USP.
Participants will visit the laboratory seven times for the familiarization, collection, and measurement of variables. Sessions will be held between am and am to standardize the influence of the circadian rhythm on the parameters evaluated.
On collection days, 2 h before data measurement, participants already in the laboratory will ingest beetroot juice Beet It, James White Drinks, Ltd. with or without nitrate in its composition.
The juices will be identical in their organoleptic characteristics, and therefore, only the amount of nitrate will differ between them. Women aged between 50 and 70 years living in the city of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, with a previous diagnosis of SAH [ 3 ], will be recruited.
Study participants must be physically inactive according to the Modified Baecke Questionnaire for the elderly QBMI [ 33 ]. We will consider the systolic blood pressure values between and mmHg or diastolic blood pressure values between 80 and 99 mmHg [ 34 ].
Those that interfere with the pH of the stomach e. The other medications used by the participants will be recorded to be included as adjustment variables in the statistical analysis. The purpose of the study is to identify the effects of NO3 from beetroot juice, and therefore, the study was divided into two arms: a beetroot juice rich in nitrate and b beet juice without nitrate.
The other protocols will be applied to the participants at the exact times and times of the day. In addition, because it is a crossover study, all participants will undergo all interventions equally. Each protocol will last for 7 days, and its order of execution will be established through a randomization process.
As this is a crossover study, each participant will participate in both protocols. Between one protocol and another, a 7-day washout interval will be given for the purification of the compounds provided by the protocols.
Subsequently, the intervention contrary to the first will be provided, with the dynamics of the intervention being the same for both phases. Participants will receive eight units of juice bottles corresponding to the first intervention placebo or nitrate on the first laboratory visit.
On the first day of intervention of each protocol, they will take two units mL— mg of NO3 , and from the second to the seventh day, they will take one unit 70 mL— mg of NO3 per day. On the seventh day of the intervention, the participants will take the last unit of juice at home and return to the laboratory for the last evaluation.
On the days that they do not visit the laboratory and on the last day of evaluation, the participants will drink the juice in the morning and on an empty stomach before brushing their teeth.
After drinking the juice, we will ask them to take a min break to consume breakfast. Photographs or videos of the participants ingesting the juice will be requested daily and sent to the researcher. Participants will not be informed about the order of administration of interventions.
The researcher responsible for collecting and measuring the variables studied will also be blinded so as not to know which protocol will be administered.
An independent researcher will be responsible for taking the juice and delivering it to the responsible researcher. Based on the steps previously described, the design of a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial will be achieved.
The quality of blinding will be assessed at the end of the study by asking each participant which beverage they believe they are ingesting in each of the two protocols. No criteria will be determined for discontinuing or modifying the allocation order.
Participants who do not comply with the interventions will also be evaluated and will provide information about when they abandoned the intervention for later accounting. All of them will have their variables analyzed by intention to treat. A trained researcher will be responsible for supporting participants who may find it challenging to adhere to the study interventions.
Before obtaining consent from participants to participate in the research, we will provide information about the research and its relevance to their health during the experimental procedures.
In addition, the research team will be trained to be available to resolve doubts. At the end of the study, the participants will be invited to participate in a physical training and nutrition group for the elderly at the Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Brazil.
Prior to carrying out the stages of the experimental procedures, the participants will receive instructions and guidelines to fill in a food diary on the days prior to measuring the variables of each intervention protocol, the foods, and amounts ingested from breakfast first meal until supper last meal.
We will ask the participants to eat the same foods and in similar amounts on the day before each collection. According to the study by Griesenbeck et al. The amount of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and nitrate intake will be assessed by a trained nutritionist through a specific software Nutritionist Pro® v.
On the days of the laboratory visit, not having breakfast as a standard meal will be provided 40 g of whey protein Top Whey 3w, Max Titanium®, SP, Brazil before executing the experimental protocols.
Avoid performing vigorous physical efforts the day before and on each experiment; we will ask participants not to change your physical activity habits while participating in the study.
Do not drink caffeine-based beverages and other stimulants or alcoholic beverages within 12 h and 24 h, respectively, prior to each stage of the study, and do not use mouthwash during all experimental protocols and between them in order to avoid the reduction of the oral microbiota responsible for nitrate metabolism [ 37 ].
Participants will be identified by collecting the following information: age years , body mass kg , height cm , body mass index BMI , hip circumference HC , waist circumference WC , and circumference calf CP.
Anthropometric measurements will be obtained according to the recommendations described by Lohman et al. The following assessments will also be carried out:. Body composition: The fat percentage of the participants will be collected for a better characterization of the studied sample.
The dual X-ray absorptiometry DXA will analyze the body composition, as lean body mass and fat mass. The exam will be conducted by a clinician trained in radiology at the Laboratory of Cineantropometry and Human Development [ 39 ].
Familiarization of participants for the VO2peak test: A familiarization protocol will be used to improve the reliability of the data obtained with the VO2peak test. The participants will be physically inactive and will not be acclimated to the physical exercise, which may underestimate the values obtained in the test.
At this stage, as a way of monitoring and safety of the participants, three collections of systolic and diastolic blood pressure will be performed before any procedure. On the first day, we will collect blood 15 mL to analyze the blood glucose and lipid profile. We will use these data to characterize the sample.
Prior to the VO2peak determination test, the participants will undergo a familiarization phase with the treadmill during three sessions performed on three different days. The Bruce protocol will be applied to determine the VO2peak. The values obtained during this phase will not be considered in the study [ 40 ].
Determination of VO2peak maximum exertion test : Another day will be scheduled to perform the VO2peak test of the participants so that the participants come to the laboratory in the fed state and with light clothes.
For VO2peak analysis, expired gases are analyzed in a commercial Teem - VO system Aerosport, Ann Arbor®, USA previously validated by Novitsky et al. On the first day, the collections will occur after the participants ingested mL of beet juice with or without nitrate.
The seventh day of beet juice ingestion 70 mL with or without nitrate will also be collected. On the collection days first and seventh days of intervention , the variables will be obtained at the following times Fig. Rest phase zero to th min : After drinking the juice, the participants will remain at an initial rest in a sitting position.
Then, 30 min before starting the measurements, the participants will be instructed to empty their bladders. Upon returning to the room, a recording strap Polar® H10 will be placed on the chest, in the region of the distal third of the sternum, to record beat-to-beat HR throughout the collection, mediated by a heart rate monitor Polar® RSCX, Finland.
Then, the participants will be placed on a stretcher in the supine position and will remain at rest. After the remaining time, HR values will be recorded th minute , HRV recording th to th min , systolic blood pressure SBP th minute , diastolic blood pressure DBP th minute , blood collection 15mL th min , and analysis of endothelial function flow-mediated dilation th to th min.
In this phase, the highest HR value reached during the exercise will be recorded, and the HRV recording will also be carried out in the last 5 min 35th—40th min. Recovery phase th to th min : At the end of the activity, the participants will be placed in the supine position again and will be monitored for another 60 min, recording their HR at 30 s, 60 s, s, s, and s.
Blood collection 15 mL will be performed between 5 and 10 min after exercise. HRV will be recorded after exercise at the following times: 0—5 min, 10—15 min, 20—25 min, 30—35 min, and 40—45 min. SBP and DBP will be recorded after exercise at the 45th minute and 60th minute post-exercise.
To avoid errors in the measurements of the evaluated parameters, a single evaluator will perform these measurements throughout the experiment.
The flow-mediated dilation technique to assess endothelial function will be employed after exercise during the 50th—60th minute post-exercise interval. For the analysis of HRV indices, heart rate will be recorded beat by beat throughout the experimental protocol with a sampling rate of Hz.
Stable series with sections of RR intervals will be selected. The last R-R intervals of each 5-min recording window will be analyzed [ 43 ]. In these series, digital and manual filtering will be performed to eliminate premature ectopic beats and artifacts.
The time-domain analysis will be performed using the standard deviation of the mean of normal R-R intervals SDNN and square root of the mean of the square of differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals RMSSD indices.
For the analysis of linear indices in frequency and time domains, the program Kubios HRV 2. High-frequency spectral components HF: 0. We will choose not to evaluate the low-frequency index LF: 0. The spectral analysis will be calculated using the fast Fourier transform.
Ultra-short-term analyses will be performed with the RMSSD index. For a more detailed analysis of the reactivation of parasympathetic flow after exercise, the last 60 intervals of the resting recording will be selected for comparison with the first 5 min post-exercise divided into 60 cardiac intervals.
Heart rate HR will be recorded continuously at rest HR rest , during exercise, and recovery. Resting HR will be measured immediately before the test, with the participants still standing on the treadmill.
Reserve HR will be calculated as the difference between peak HR during exercise and at rest. HR recovery HRrec will be calculated as the difference in HR after the 30 s, 60 s, s, and s of recovery concerning HRpeak during exercise HRrec30s, HRrec60s, HRrecs, and HRrecs, respectively.
The flow-mediated dilatation FWD technique will be performed with a bidirectional ultrasound device 2D , with color and spectral Doppler and linear probe transducer with a frequency of 14 Mhz from the Toshiba® brand.
The technique of Celemajer et al. First, the participant will be positioned in dorsal decubitus supine position with controlled abduction of the right arm. The linear transducer will be positioned in the medial phase of the arm to obtain a longitudinal image of the right brachial artery in B-mode parallel to the transducer , 5—10 cm to superior the antecubital crease.
After measuring the basal diameter D1 , the transducer location will be marked with an anthropometric evaluation marker Penta Texta Fine so that the post-occlusion diameter measurement can be performed at the same location. Subsequently, the brachial artery will be occluded for 5 min, with a pressure cuff placed on the arm with a pressure adjustment slightly higher than the SBP.
The measurements of D1 and D2 will be carried out in the same place in the vessel. Plasma concentrations of nitrite will be used to indirectly quantify the changes in nitric oxide NO concentration.
This analysis will be necessary before and after exercise to attest that the possible effects found will be due to increased nitrate intake, which was later converted into nitrite. The Nitric Oxide Analyzer Sievers device NOATM — model i, USA, will be used.
In the sealed glass chamber of the device, μL of blood samples will be injected in contact with 8 mL of acidified triiodide solution 2 g of potassium iodide and 1. NO will be produced in the form of gas by the reaction of nitrite with the iodide solution.
A continuous flow of nitrogen gas carries NO to the other chamber for reaction with ozone—the detection of NO in the device is based on the gas-phase reaction of NO with ozone [ 48 ]. Oxidative stress will be estimated through the secondary products of lipid peroxidation and will be analyzed through the quantification of Malondialdehyde MDA.
MDA is considered a reliable general biomarker of plasma oxidative damage. The quantification of MDA will be performed using high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC , with visible detection VIS , according to the methodology of Grotto et al.
After the centrifugation step, the plasma will be separated. In the volume of 75 μL of plasma, 25 μL of water and 25μL of NaOH3N will be added, which will be incubated for 30 min in a horizontal agitation system with heating at 60 °C. The samples will be extracted with μL of n-butanol after 1 min of vortexing and will be centrifuged at g for 10 min; 20 μL aliquots of the organic phase will be injected into the chromatograph [ 49 ].
For this, three solutions will be prepared: A acetate buffer: mM, pH 3. Then, 80 μL of the plasma obtained will be added to a mixture of deionized water μL with the working reagent 2. This solution containing the sample will be incubated in a water bath at 37 °C for 15 min in the dark.
Then, the FRAP concentrations will be estimated by interpolating the absorbances determined in the samples with those determined in a standard curve, which will be prepared by diluting a standard solution of ferrous sulfate Fe11 in distilled water, obtaining final concentrations of 0, Afterward, this solution will be placed in a microplate.
The absorbances at nm will be read in parallel with a standard curve of ferrous sulfate using a microplate reader spectrophotometer [ 50 ]. We will evaluate the concentrations of molecules directly and indirectly associated with the cardiovascular system before and after using beet juice rich in nitrate.
These analyses allowed us to verify the influences and the relationships that inflammation markers, hormones, and catecholamines have with the cardiovascular system on the effects of beet juice rich in nitrate. Plasma concentrations of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, lipoprotein lipase, and hormone-sensitive lipase will be determined from a quantitative enzymatic assay using specific commercial kits Linco Research Inc.
Louis, MO, USA. The analysis will be carried out to evaluate concentrations of the interleukins IL-6 and IL , tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNF-α , interferon-y IFN-y , C-reactive protein CRP , nuclear factor-kappa B NF-kB , vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF , monocyte chemotactic protein 1 MCP-I , vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 VCAM-I , intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 ICAM-I , and N-terminal portion of the pro-hormone natriuretic peptide NT-proBNP Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA.
Plasma catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine will be tested using a commercially available dual-purpose enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA kit ABNOVA, Taiwan [ 51 ]. Mitochondrial biogenesis will be evaluated by quantifying factor-1 and factor-2 markers related to NF-E2 NRF1 and NRF2 by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha PGC-1α , using an ELISA kit specific ABCAM, USA [ 52 ].
Figure 2 shows the recommended SPIRIT figure with the participant timeline. The number of participants in this study considered the most recent meta-analysis study, which found a reduction of 5 mmHg caused by beetroot juice rich in nitrate in patients with SAH as significant with a variation of 4 mmHg [ 10 , 11 ].
We will recruit sixteen postmenopausal women diagnosed with SAH to ensure a sufficient sample size after the interventions. This sample size is consistent with previous studies that investigated the effects of BRJ on BP in patients with SAH. The Amaral et al.
Broxterman et al. conducted two studies in patients with SAH medicated and non-medicated. In both trials, the sample was 13 and 14, respectively. The most recent investigation in this field conducted by Siervo et al. Recruitment will take place on a monthly basis. The dissemination of the study and recruitment will take place through media and communication channels.
We will use local radio stations to publicize the study. In addition, we will post on social media e. We will use the randomizer. org website to randomize the order of intervention that participants will receive. After the end of the first intervention, the participants will perform the opposite intervention Fig.
As this is a triple-blind study, clinical trial participants, researchers, and the outcome assessor will be blinded. Interventions will be codified by random letters or numbers, and a researcher not responsible for data collection will be responsible for keeping this complete information confidential.
Only after data collection, processing, and analysis will the interventions be revealed. We do not anticipate any requirement for unblinding, but if required, the researchers will have access to group allocations and any unblinding will be reported.
Interventions and evaluations will be carried out at the Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism at EEFERP. All assessments will be conducted by at least a physical educator, nutritionist, and nurse, trained and familiarized with the assessment protocol prior to the study.
The researchers will be in daily contact with the study participants. Your health status will be routinely asked, and survey requirements will be reinforced. Forty-eight and 24 h before assessments, text messages will be sent to remind participants of the assessment date and time.
If any participant misses the assessment, we will immediately contact a call to inquire about the reasons for the no-show. The information collected in this clinical trial will always be protected and in the care of the principal investigator.
The data will be kept in your office and all investigation documents to ensure data security. Research information, when stored electronically, will have a copy stored on a drive that will be retained with a password for access and under the protection of the principal investigator CRBJ.
For data analysis, descriptive statistics will be performed to characterize the sample. The results will be presented with mean and standard deviation values when the residual values of the variables present normal. Data will be analyzed using linear analysis of mixed effects adjusted for age, drugs, and VO2peak, considering time and treatment as an independent variable.
Per-protocol analysis will be performed to account for possible dropouts during the study. The analysis will be conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle. The generalized mixed linear model will treat the missing values, using maximum likelihood to estimate the model parameters.
Differences in all tests will be considered significant when the p value is less than 0. The statistical program used will be RStudio v. A large effect size will be considered for values greater than 0.
The lead researcher will coordinate the study site. The study will be led by principal investigators. No additional steering committees are considered for this study.
The other researchers will participate in regular monthly and extraordinary meetings when necessary to discuss the progress of the research and possible unforeseen events. This Trial Committee will be available to participants day-to-day report your symptoms.
Furthermore, they will provide further health assistance and guidance to participants searching the health system if necessary. Furthermore, these researchers will provide immediate guidance to the participants in need of health assistance for any reasons associated with their participation in the study.
Although the interventions used have a minimal risk of causing adverse events, during experimental procedures, participants will often be asked about any change in their well-being or in their perception of their health status.
Any symptoms and adverse effects will be reported in the final publication of the manuscript. The principal investigators will continuously monitor the conduct of the study.
No further monitoring will be carried out unless requested by the USP School of Physical Education and Sports Research Ethics Committee. If, by chance, there are changes in the research protocol, these changes will be informed and analyzed by the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Physical Education and Sports at USP, which is responsible for the evaluation and approval of the experimental procedures.
If the institutional ethics committee team approves, the modifications will be inserted into the study and updated on the clinicaltrials. gov platform by the CJRB principal investigator. The free and informed consent form was approved by an Ethics and Research Committee attached.
This document contains all the rights of the participants, including withdrawing at any time without loss to themselves. In the consent form, participants may or may not allow these biological samples to be used for further analysis in the future.
To maintain confidentiality during and after the assessments, an independent researcher will store participant data separately from any identifying information. Data will be encrypted with a unique identity in a password-protected local database.
Only that researcher and the study supervisor will have access to the information on the device. Participants will be invited to participate in a nutrition and physical education and exercise program for the elderly, in which they will receive instructions to perform physical activity accompanied by a physical educator and will also receive instructions and guidelines for healthy eating.
Each participant will receive a complete report with the results of their health parameters after the investigations. Preliminary and secondary results will be presented at local and international conferences.
Not applicable. Public access to the complete protocol, datasets, and statistical code is not planned for this study. The biological material that will be collected during the experiments will be blood samples from the participants.
A part of the sample content will be used to analyze molecules directly and indirectly associated with the cardiovascular system. Further analyses in the future may be carried out with these samples. However, prior to this, a new approval of the ethics committee will be necessary with the new analyzes that will be analyzed.
Only those participants who have agreed to have their samples used in the future will be included in the analyses.
The other samples will be discarded at the end of the experiments listed in this protocol. The research ethics committee approved the creation of the BEETMHP Biorepository intended to store eligible blood samples. Our study intends to shed light on the evidence of the effects of beet juice rich in NO3 at rest and after cardiovascular stress caused by submaximal aerobic exercise.
The strength of this clinical trial includes the randomized and controlled protocol, which will make it possible to identify the real effects of this nutritional intervention. In addition, a triple-blind model was incorporated to ensure that the results achieved have better reliability.
The duration of the intervention chosen is following classical studies that have determined the best dosage for the effects of beetroot juice rich in NO3 to begin to appear, both acutely mL [ mg NO3] of juice and continuously 4—6 days of intervention × 70 mL [ mg] of juice [ 31 , 32 ].
A previous study investigating the acute effects of BRJ rich in NO3 did not find an extension of the submaximal aerobic exercise in post-exercise hypotension [ 29 ].
Furthermore, the HRV recovery shows no difference compared to the placebo group [ 30 ]. According to previous studies in this field [ 31 , 32 ], an acute optimal dose of BRJ rich in NO3 to generate cardiovascular effects in exercise appears to be around mL or mg NO3. In Amaral et al.
These NO3 concentrations seem low to an acute test and may explain the absence of effects. Despite that, the Amaral et al. Our study protocol brings novelties, due to the analyses that will be employed in the study being carefully chosen to generate an understanding of the effects of ingesting the juice rich in NO3 at optimal dosages.
This research may help in the real understanding of nutritional compounds capable of generating safety to the cardiovascular system during physical exercise, especially for women who are aging and who have cardiovascular limitations e. Our results will be able to build nutritional recommendations based on beetroot juice to optimize heart health.
The article presents the schedule of cardiovascular variables after physical exercise that may be useful for other studies. We strive to create a research protocol with a vast collection of variables.
Furthermore, carefully, the sequence of collecting variables will not interfere with the results of the other. This study protocol provides a useful design to improve the collection data in studies focusing on assessing cardiovascular stress post-exercise, such as heart rate variability, post-exercise hypotension, heart rate recovery, and flow-mediated dilation.
After the study publication, the data and materials will be available upon a reasonable request to the corresponding author. Ozemek C, Hildreth KL, Blatchford PJ, et al. Effects of resveratrol or estradiol on post-exercise endothelial function in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women.
J Appl Physiol. Article CAS Google Scholar. Benjamin EJ, Virani SS, Callaway CW, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics update: a report from the American Heart Association.
Article Google Scholar. Barroso WKS, Rodrigues CIS, Bortolotto LA, et al. Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertensão Arterial — Arq Bras Cardiol. Picon RV, Dias-da-Costa JS, Fuchs FD, et al. Hypertension management in Brazil: usual practice in primary care.
A meta-analysis. Int J Hypertens. Zhao G, He F, Wu C, et al. Betaine in inflammation: mechanistic aspects and applications. Front Immunol. Jakubowski H. Pathophysiological consequences of homocysteine excess. J Nutr. Cassidy A, Mukamal KJ, Liu L, et al. High anthocyanin intake is associated with a reduced risk of myocardial infarction in young and middle-aged women.
Dominguez R, Cuenca E, Mate-Munoz JL, et al. Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on cardiorespiratory endurance in athletes.
A systematic review. Jones AM, Thompson C, Wylie LJ, et al. Dietary nitrate and physical performance. Annu Rev Nutr.
Benjamim CJR, Porto AA, Valenti VE, Sobrinho ACS, Garner DM, Gualano B, et al. Nitrate derived from beetroot juice lowers blood pressure in patients with arterial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Front Nutr. Benjamim CJR, Sousa Junior FW, Porto AA, Rocha EMB, Santana MD, Garner DM, et al. Bitter orange Citrus aurantium L. intake before submaximal aerobic exercise is safe for cardiovascular and autonomic systems in healthy males: a randomized trial.
Remington J, Winters K. Effectiveness of dietary inorganic nitrate for lowering blood pressure in hypertensive adults: a systematic review. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. Ocampo DAB, Paipilla AF, Marín E, et al.
Dietary nitrate from beetroot juice for hypertension: a systematic review. Stanaway L, Rutherfurd-Markwick K, Page R, et al. Acute supplementation with nitrate-rich beetroot juice causes a greater increase in plasma nitrite and reduction in blood pressure of older compared to younger adults.
Johnson BT, MacDonald HV, Bruneau ML Jr, et al. Methodological quality of meta-analyses on the blood pressure response to exercise: a review.
J Hypertens. Gomes MFP, Borges ME, Rossi VA, et al. The effect of physical resistance training on baroreflex sensitivity of hypertensive rats. Cornelissen VA, Fagard RH. Effects of endurance training on blood pressure, blood pressure-regulating mechanisms, and cardiovascular risk factors.
Pescatello LS, Franklin BA, Fagard R, et al.
Muscle Beetroot juice for cardiovascular health improves in patients with heart cardiogascular when they adopt heaalth diet high in nitrates — found heath abundance Beefroot beetroot fpr — cardiovasccular new study shows. Researchers from Recharge with Flexibility University Beetroot juice for cardiovascular health of Fpr in St. Louis, MO, BCAA for muscle preservation during dieting in the journal Circulation: Heart Failurewanted to know if patients with heart failure could get the kind of benefits athletes find in beet juice. Nitrates are the active ingredient in beet juice, as well as spinach and other leafy vegetables, including arugula and celery. During exercise, these nitrates are converted into nitric oxide, with various beneficial effects on blood pressure and cardiovascular health. The benefits are most commonly found during aerobic exercise — that is, when breathing is increased to bring more oxygen into the body, for example, in walking, cycling or swimming.Video
9 POWERFUL Things That Happen To Your Body When You Drink Beet Juice Beetroot is associated with a range cxrdiovascular health benefits — from improving digestive health carciovascular keeping blood pressure in cardiovasculzr. And now, according to new Dextrose Rapid Energy, a daily Cardjovascular of beetroot could prove beneficial in cardjovascular harmful cardiovascluar in people with coronary heart disease. Coronary artery Beetroof CADor coronary heart disease, Antioxidant-Powered Desserts when the coronary BCAA for muscle preservation during dieting become too narrow or cholesterol blockages develop in the wall, according to Medical News Today. The plaques created due to cholesterol build-up can cause inflammation in the walls of the blood vessel. Funded by the British Heart Foundation BHF and presented at the British Cardiovascular Society Conference in Manchester, the research investigated whether a daily beetroot juice high in inorganic nitrate would increase levels of nitric oxide, and whether this would affect inflammation. For the same, the researchers studied health volunteers. Of these, 78 received a typhoid vaccine to temporarily increase inflammation in their blood vessels and 36 were given a cream to create a small blister on their skin and produce localised inflammation.
Ich bin endlich, ich tue Abbitte, ich wollte die Meinung auch aussprechen.