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Metabolic Health Expert Reveals the ROOT CAUSE of Insulin Resistance \u0026 How to FIX IT! Halth have long-known Visceral fat and cellular health visceral fat — Viscerao kind that wraps around anx internal organs — is more Motivational strategies Visceral fat and cellular health subcutaneous fat that lies just under the skin around the belly, thighs and rear. But how visceral fat contributes to insulin resistance and inflammation has remained unknown. The findings are published in the journal Nature Communications. Obesity and stress on the endoplamic reticulum cause inflammation through upregulation of GATA 3 and TRIP-BR2 in visceral fat. Credit: Chong Wee Liew. All body fat is not created equal in terms of associated health risks.Visceral fat and cellular health -
Visceral fat is strongly linked to metabolic disease and insulin resistance, and an increased risk of death, even for people who have a normal body mass index. In previous studies, Chong Wee Liew, assistant professor of physiology and biophysics in the UIC College of Medicine, and his colleagues found that in obese humans TRIP-Br2 was turned-up in visceral fat but not in subcutaneous fat.
When the researchers knocked out TRIP-Br2 in mice and fed them a high-calorie, high-fat diet that would make the average rodent pack on the grams, the knockout mice stayed relatively lean and free from insulin resistance and inflammation. Lipolysis is the breakdown of fat in fat cells, for use as fuel, and ongoing lipolysis can prevent the buildup of excess fat in those cells, Liew said.
Their search for answers led them to a cellular structure called the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER, which is responsible for producing all the proteins in the cell. Nutrients from a meal enter the ER, but an excess due to overeating can significantly stress it.
In obesity, a stressed ER in visceral fat cells leads to production of inflammatory molecules called cytokines — but exactly how was unclear.
Liew and coworkers found that in the absence of TRIP-Br2, ER stress could no longer trigger cytokine production and inflammation in obesity.
They also found that the up-regulation of TRIP-Br2 in visceral fat depends on an intermediary factor called GATA 3 that turns on TRIP-Br2.
Co-authors on the study are Guifen Qiang, Hyerim Whang Kong and Maximilian McCann of UIC; Difeng Fand and Jinfang Zhu of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease; Xiuying Yang and Guanhua Du of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; and Matthias Bluher of the University of Leipzig.
This research was supported in part by the Research Open Access Publishing Fund of UIC; grants K99 DK and R00 DK from the National Institutes of Health; a Novo Nordisk Great Lakes Science Forum Award; a RayBiotech Innovative Research Grant Award; a Center for Society for Clinical and Translational Research Early Career Development Award; UIC startup funds; and grant SFB , B01 from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.
Johnsen et al. demonstrated that BIA and US correlate equivalently with total BF, suggesting that a combination of methods is generally feasible thanks to their equal sensitivity [ 40 ].
Our study confirms excellent reliability and correlation between BF BIA and BF calc. Froelich et al. reported similar fat-mass values when determined by BIA and MRI Our results acquired through BIA, US, and MRI measurements confirm their findings.
Regarding our sex-biased results, the relative mean of the difference between male BF BIA and BF calc was 8. This is evidence that sex is no limitation when applying these methods.
Alicandro et al. reported excellent reliability in FFM for men and women when comparing BIA to DXA ICC: male 0.
In conclusion: when compared to BIA, the addition method for assessing total body fat utilizing SFT total and VAT MR fulfills the prerequisite for simplifying the SFT measuring process.
Two distinct equations for estimating SFT have been derived using PCA and multiple regression analysis. It is therefore justifiable to utilize these equations to determine subcutaneous fat, and the precise locations the formula incorporates can be employed to calculate VAT.
There is no alternative study of which we are aware that assesses SFT applying the same methodology. The equations we describe account for different landmarks based on sex, with the lateral abdomen, mid lateral posterior thigh and umbilical area included for women and lateral breast, lower lateral thigh, lower back and posterior neck for men.
Agrawal et al. confirmed significant sex-dimorphism in body fat distribution [ 42 ], highlighting the need for sex-specific equations when assessing SFT.
Compared to other body fat equations, our calculations differ in the output variable. While most calculate body density BD over the subcutaneous skinfold thickness, our formula specifically calculates the SFT mass. While our locations may differ slightly, they cover a similar area.
Nevill et al. In contrast, Durning and Womersely [ 46 ] included biceps, triceps, scapula and iliac crest in their body fat equation, with only the iliac crest bearing a slight resemblance to our landmark positions.
Goran et al. The development of these formulas and their correlation with total fat highlight the sensitivity of the sites. However, note that they employ a double-indirect approach: Although those particular sites presumably represent total SFT, which in turn correlates with total fat, they have not been specifically validated for total subcutaneous fat as an initial step.
To reduce this gap, we take into account the measurement of total SFT. Most equations rely on caliper measurements which require caution as the caliper can vary from the reference depending on the body fat mass. Our equation is only applicable to our population and cannot yet be generalized without further verification studies.
Furthermore, the excellent reliability supports this conclusion. In addition to SFT total and BIA parameters, anthropometric parameters WC and HC were included in the respective VAT Eq to improve its validity. Our investigation has also provided evidence supporting the notion that men exhibit higher VAT levels than women 3.
Onat et al. revealed higher VAT in men as well [ 49 ]. Rantalainen et al. suggested that VAT may be influenced by sex-specific mRNA and miRNA expression in abdominal and gluteal adipose tissues [ 50 ].
Including either WHR or WC for men in the VAT equation contributed similarly to the proportion of the variance. Considering that WHR incorporates multiple measurements, we opted for WC as an additional parameter in our formula.
Some studies have also indicated that WC is a better VAT indicator than WHR [ 49 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]. When considering VAT Eq parameters, HC and WC are more heavily weighted within the formula than are subcutaneous fat depths and BIA because of their high values e.
This means that more technically demanding methods such as BIA and US do not contribute as strongly to the formula as do simple circumference measurement. The Bland-Altman plot, similar to the comparison with total body fat methods, demonstrates consistent absolute deviation between methods across our total sample.
This leads to a reduction in relative error as VAT increases. These findings suggest that the VAT formula is indeed applicable for overweight male and female adults. Our approach employing BIA and US may function as an initial step towards determining total VAT without MRI, DXA or CT.
The following steps describe its application for practical use:. With the rising global prevalence of obesity and related health conditions, there is growing awareness of the detrimental effects of excess visceral fat.
Numerous innovative devices have been implemented to precisely measure visceral fat; but they are often time-consuming and expensive. As an experimental approach, our method can be employed to simplify the quantification of VAT and incorporate it as an additional parameter when assessing cardiovascular risk profiles.
Further investigations, including the implementation of multifrequency BIA and its practical use in clinical setting, are necessary to refine this methodology. Certain areas, such as the hands, feet, head, and genitals, were neglected, even though they may contain a small amount of subcutaneous fat.
Our study cohort consisted only of young, normal-weight and older, overweight individuals. As young, normal-weight individuals have minimal visceral adipose tissue, the VAT Eq primarily applies to overweight individuals. Further studies with larger samples and more diverse body types are necessary to validate these results.
Our findings only apply to this study population and rely on fasting adults with diverse body types measured by a single frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis, thus they cannot be extrapolated to multifrequency BIA.
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors. Crudele L, Piccinin E, Moschetta A. Visceral adiposity and cancer: role in pathogenesis and prognosis. Ladeiras-Lopes R, Sampaio F, Bettencourt N, Fontes-Carvalho R, Ferreira N, Leite-Moreira A, et al.
The ratio between visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat assessed by computed tomography is an independent predictor of mortality and cardiac events.
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