horizontal with citrus aurantium supplementation or placebo ingestion. An interval of two minutes was respected after the warm-up and before the series. All visits were conducted between am and am. This time was selected to avoid, as much as possible, the cumulative effects of the course of the day in the circadian cycle of the participants.

All metric scale data were presented according to their mean and standard deviation Mean SD. After all analyzes, the variables show normal distribution Shapiro-Wilk normality test , so a repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to analyze all samples, cardiovascular, followed by a Fisher post hoc, when necessary.

Figure 3 Low and high frequency ratio in both supplementation conditions. The objective of the present study was to verify the behavior of HRV, in the frequency domain, after strength training with the supplementation of citrus aurantium. In our findings, there was greater activation of the sympathetic autonomic system with a reduction in parasympathetic activity in the condition of citrus aurantium.

Thus, when analyzing the sympathetic-vagal relationship, we found that only for the citrus aurantium condition the differences were significant, from the moment of pre-exercise concerning the pre-initial increase. This indicates that supplementation with citrus aurantium was able to stimulate the autonomic sympathetic response even at the pre-exercise moment, signaling that, unlike what has already been described in the literature, p-synephrine may present some changes in the cardiovascular system.

Therefore, it is suggested restrictions for the indication of this supplement for individuals who have some type of associated disease, corroborating what was warned by the Comprehensive Database of Natural Medicines. It is known that cardiovascular effects are associated with mechanisms of binding to adrenergic receptors.

For men and animals, adverse cardiovascular effects are not commonly associated with p-synephrine, although such effects are widely known when associated with the consumption of ephedrine and ephedra.

Specifically, Ratamess et al. Ratamess et al. Precisely, the SFC and S groups produced significantly more repetitions than P. However, there was no significant effect between the different supplements when verifying the number of repetitions in each series.

Also, Jung et al. There was no statistically significant difference between the types of supplementation concerning the total volume of repetitions for horizontal bench press and leg press or in the performance of the sprints. The present study corroborates with Ratamess et al.

The present study is composed of some limitations. The number of participants was small, therefore, it is suggested new studies with a larger number of participants with the same analysis objectives. However, further investigation into the effects of citrus aurantium on the cardiovascular system will be needed.

Investigate other variables in this system, as well as other HRV indices, such as the time domain. The present study did not find significant differences in heart rate variability with different types of supplementation. The main response was to change the vagal sympathetic difference where there were no significant changes with citrus aurantium.

Thus, it is worth paying attention to the prescriptions of this supplement, especially for individuals with a history of cardiovascular disorder. Universidade Católica de Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.

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Behavioral Sciences Food and Nutrition Trends Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Home IPMRJ Heart rate variability in the frequency domain after strength training with citrus aurantium supplementation.

Research Article Volume 5 Issue 3. Keywords: heart rate variability, strength training, citrus aurantium. Participants Participated in this study, 10 men trained with previous experience in strength training activity for at least six months Table 1. Figure 1 Low frequency in both supplementation conditions.

Figure 2 High frequency in both supplementation conditions. de Geus EJC, Gianaros PJ, Brindle RC, et al. Biological, quantitative, and interpretive considerations.

Laborde S, Mosley E, Thayer JF, et al. Heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone in psychophysiological research—recommendations for experiment planning, data analysis, and data reporting.

Frontiers in Psychology. Pre-testing protocols on the electronically braked cycle ergometer followed manufacturer guidelines. Blood draws were collected via the antecubital vein by a trained phlebotomist during four-time points throughout the study: I1, I2, R1, R2 Fig.

In order to account for the plasma volume shifts following the exercise bout, all E and NE samples were normalized by using the established protocols of Dill and Costill [ 14 ].

Hematocrit Hct and hemoglobin Hb were collected via finger sticks at each venipuncture time point Alere Hemopoint 2. Blood glucose GLU was measured using a Medtronic Contour glucometer Bayer, Pittsburgh, PA via finger stick. The procedures and findings of plasma catecholamines were previously reported and permissions granted by the publishing Journal [ 15 ].

Citrus Aurantium and caffeine powder were purchased from Blackburn distributions Caffeine powder, Blackburn distributions limited, Nelson Lancashire, England; Citrus Aurantium powder, Blackburn distributions limited, Nelson Lancashire, England.

Each component was measured using an electronic supplement scale and encapsulated in green, non-translucent, size zero gelatin capsules. All data were analyzed using the statistical software package SPSS SPSS, Version 24 for Mac, Chicago, IL.

In order to determine the effect size, the recommend guidelines of Quintana were used. Of the fourteen participants who volunteered for the study, four were removed due to adverse reactions to the phlebotomy procedure i. Therefore, a total of ten physically active males completed the study.

Participant characteristics can be seen in Table 1. Plasma Insulin. Blood Glucose. Means ± SD can be seen in Fig. Plasma Triglycerides. Means ± SD can be seen in Figs. Plasma Epinephrine. Plasma Norepinephrine.

No significant trial differences occurred in insulin, lactate or triglycerides throughout the ingestion period. Under normal fasted conditions it is not uncommon to observe a slight decrease in blood glucose with concurrent decreases in insulin concentration over a prolong period of rest [ 17 , 18 ].

Blood glucose concentration following the PLA trial is reflective of this response, with a significant drop occurring at I2. No changes in glucose concentration occurred and was found to be significantly higher than that of the PLA trial at the I2 time point. The medium by which the supplements were delivered in the current study were capsules absent of carbohydrate and would rationalize the difference in observations between the two studies.

Similar to glucose, insulin has been shown to be maintained or decrease during resting and fasted conditions [ 19 ]. This is in contrast to Graham et al. However, the differences in observations can likely be attributed to the dosage of caffeine Graham et al.

The caffeine components role in sympathetic nervous system SNS mediated glucose release [ 22 ] may be another likely contributor to the observed glucose response. Additionally, Stuart et al. The CA component of the complex is another mechanism by which the maintenance of blood glucose could have occurred.

Specifically, the active ingredient p-synephrine acts on beta-3 receptors in order to increase lipolysis [ 1 ], thereby acting to spare blood glucose.

Future research should examine varying concentrations in order to determine a dose effect. The exhaustive exercise trial selected for this study was a repeated Wingate protocol designed to induce a high metabolic stress and fatigue.

Following the completion of the trials, no differences in glucose, insulin, triglycerides, or catecholamines were observed. However, insulin did not statistically elevate immediately post-exercise but demonstrated a non-statistical increase at the end of the recovery period.

Previous research has demonstrated insulin spikes immediately following prolonged high-intensity protocols [ 25 ]; however, the duration of those protocols was ultimately longer than the one used previous studies and may have led to the different insulin response.

Though fat oxidation was not directly measured throughout this study, plasma triglycerides were obtained to determine changes in metabolic function.

A primary function of the Citrus Aurantium is improved lipid peroxidation through p-synephrine and beta-3 activation, which may alter the release of triglycerides following exercise based on demand, and ultimately influence metabolic recovery.

Post-exercise plasma triglycerides have been shown to account for half of the delayed component of excess post exercise oxygen consumption EPOC [ 26 , 27 ], which is a beneficial response to high-intensity exercise. Interestingly, both trials showed spikes in plasma triglycerides at R1 when compared to I2, though no difference was observed between trials.

Furthermore, various dosages of this complex should be evaluated in order to better determine a dose-response effect. The markers used to examine metabolism were glucose, insulin, and triglycerides; future research should examine a more extensive metabolic profile including substrate utilization and free fatty acids.

Though a priori analysis based on a power of 0. However, this was not enough to elicit changes in resting insulin, or triglycerides. These findings suggest practical implications of hypoglycemic prevention during prolong i. Further research is needed to examine a dose and component response on these metabolic markers.

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The data sets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.

BK contributed to study design, data collection HRV and Biomarker , data analysis, major contribution to the writing of the manuscript. EB contributed to data collection, performed HRV analysis and interpretation, blood assay analysis, conducted literature review, and major contribution to the writing of the manuscript.

CW contributed with data collection, assisted with data analysis Biomarker , and moderate contributions to the editing of the manuscript. PB contributed to study design, data collection, moderate editing of the manuscript.

WH significant contribution to data collection, moderate editing of the manuscript. JM contributed to study design, data statistical analysis, and moderate editing of manuscript.

CM contributed to the study design, data collection, moderate editing of manuscript, and procurement of funds. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Brian Kliszczewicz.

The Institutional Review Board approved all testing procedures and protocols prior to beginning data collection 17— Participants read and sign an informed consent prior too participating in this study.

These authors declare that they have no competing interest and have no relation too the supplement or associated companies.