Antiviral health benefits ofplants -
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Ndhlala, A. Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antiviral Activities of African Medicinal Plants. Plant Res. Table 1 provides detailed information on edible plants used as food or nutraceutical showing antiviral activity against RNA viruses, their potential to be explored against COVID on the basis of antiviral activity against various RNA viruses, their active phytoconstituents bearing potential anti-coronaviral activity and mechanism of action.
It has been reported that flavonoids can bind to the functional domains of the SARS-CoV-2S protein, a viral surface glycoprotein required for initial attachment and internalization within host cells. Emodin from plants of family polygonaceae can block the interaction with the SARS-coronavirus spike protein by inhibiting the 3a ion channel of SARS-CoV and HCoV-OC43 [ 36 ].
Lectins, the natural proteins, also target the sugar moieties of a SARS-CoV spike protein. In time-of-addition assay conducted to understand mechanism of antiviral action, glucose-, galactose-, N-acetyl glucosamine- and N-acetyl galactosamine binding lectins and most importantly mannose binding lectin indicated their interference with virus attachment to spike protein making them early entry inhibitors.
Lectins also carry prophylactic potentials as it agglutinates viral particles by binding to it, thereby not allowing it to bind to human cell receptors and complete its pathogenic cycle [ 37 ].
As SARS-CoV-2 also uses host receptor ACE-2 for the cellular entrance similar to SARS-CoV [ 38 ], medicinal herbs with the capacity to target ACE-2 therefore holds a promising effect in the prevention and infection of SARS-CoV Various edible medicinal plants, including Cynara scolymus [ 39 ] , Cassia occidentalis [ 40 ] and Punica granatum [ 41 ], have shown ACE inhibitory effects, and the same can be explored for inhibition of ACE2 also.
Studies on edible plants, such as Glycyrrhiza glabra [ 42 ], Allium sativum [ 43 ], showed the inhibition of viral replication of SARS-CoV that can be further utilized as leads against SARS-CoV-2, due to similar homology between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 [ 44 ]. Edible antiviral plants like Aloe vera [ 45 ], Gingko [ 46 ], Olea europaea [ 47 ], Cicer arietinum [ 48 ], Nigella sativa [ 49 ], Agrimonia Pilosa [ 50 ], Commelina communis [ 51 ], Mangifera indica [ 52 ], Syzygium cumini [ 53 ] that showed effects against influenza virus can be studied rigorously to investigate any relatable target between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus.
Myricetin and scutellarein can act as novel chemical inhibitors of the SARS coronavirus helicase, nsP13 [ 54 ]. Flavonoids isolated from medicinal plants have been reported to show antiviral activity. Quercetin, epigallocatechin gallate and gallocatechin gallate showed inhibitory activity against 3CLpro of SARS-CoV [ 55 ].
Plants showing inhibitory effects on HIV proteases, such as Eugenia jambolana , Areca nut [ 56 ], can be investigated for their effects on SARS-CoV Similarly, plants like Ocimum sanctum [ 57 ], Phaseolus vulgaris [ 58 ], Phyllanthus emblica [ 59 ] having HIV reverse transcriptase activity can also be studied against SARS-CoV Plants like Solanum nigrum [ 60 ] have been known to target the reverse transcriptase activity of HIV and can be studied for activity against SARS-CoV-2 as well; betulinic acid, savinin and some plant-based phenolic compounds are competitive inhibitors of SARS-CoV 3CL protease [ 61 ].
Azadirachta indica inhibits viral replication in Group B Coxsackieviruses virus and can be investigated for their possible effects against SARS-CoV-2 [ 62 ]. Another herb Aegle marmelos inhibited viral replication in human coxsackieviruses B1-B6 infection and can be used in the study against SARS-CoV-2 [ 62 ].
Another potential target that can be utilized for the inhibition of CoV replication is proteases [ 63 ]. Trachyspermum ammi [ 64 ] and Solanum nigrum [ 65 ] inhibited viral protease enzymes in hepatitis C virus HCV infection.
Acalypha indica showed selective anti-VSV activity by protein interaction [ 64 ], and Ocimum sanctum also inhibited HIV protease enzyme [ 57 ]; therefore these plants can be studied against SARS-CoV-2 as they may target protease enzymes.
Sambucus ebulus has been known to inhibit the activity of enveloped viruses and can also be used to target this virus. Though the detailed mechanism remains unclear, Sambucus ebulus is indicated to inhibit the entry of enveloped viruses owing to the presence of lectins that block viral entry.
Phenolic compounds like quertin 3— 0 -glucoside and isorhamnetin present in the plant have previously demonstrated the prophylactic potential against Ebola virus.
The flavonoids, diosgenin and yomogenin of Sambucus species also showed viral entry inhibition against Hepatitis C viruses [ 61 ]. A study on Abutilon indicum , Gymnema sylvestre , Leucas aspera showed anti-mouse coronaviral activity which is a surrogate of human SARS virus but its mechanism of action is still unexplored and requires more research in this area [ 66 ].
Leucas aspera has been shown to have anti-MCV and anti-HSV activities, Abutilon indicum extract was found active against influenza virus and Sindbis virus which is a surrogate to Hepatitis B virus. Gymnemic acid from Gymnema sylvestre has virucidal activity against Asian influenza virus, whereas Artemisia annua showed inhibitory effects against SARS-CoV and likely against SARS-CoV-2 but their mechanism of action is still unknown [ 67 ].
As SARS-CoV-2 causes respiratory distress, plants used in human respiratory syncytial virus HRSV infection, such as Zingiber officinale [ 68 ] , Olea europaea [ 47 ], Terminalia chebula [ 69 ], might act as a preventive treatment in COVID Aqueous rhizome extract of Zingiber officinale contains allicin which acts against HRSV by reducing the plaque formation in respiratory mucosa induced by stimulation of the respiratory mucosal cells to secrete IFN-β.
Olea europaea act via multiple antiviral mechanisms: interfering with critical amino acid production essential for viruses, preventing virus assembly at the cell membrane, penetrating infected cells and stopping the viral replication or else primarily by neutralizing the production of reverse transcriptase and protease [ 47 , 68 ].
On the other hand, Chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid from Terminalia chebula have shown efficacy to inhibit virus attachment and penetration comparable to Acyclovir as well as implement neuraminidase-mediated viral release similar to the antiviral drug oseltamivir [ 69 ]. Curcumin diferuloylmethane , which is found in the spice Curcuma longa , exhibits anti-inflammatory as well as immunomodulatory activity by inhibiting PHA-induced T-cell proliferation, interleukin-2 production, NO generation, and lipopolysaccharide-induced nuclear factor-kappa B NF-kappa B , augments NK cell cytotoxicity as well as inhibits cell proliferation and cytokine production by inhibiting NF-kappa B target genes involved in the induction of these immune parameters [ 70 ].
Medicinal plants such as Hibiscus sabdariffa [ 71 ] , Ocimum sanctum [ 57 ], Azadirachta indica [ 72 ]. contain flavonoids which can be exploited for the development of the active compounds against COVID Although numerous plants have been studied, a lot of scientific data are required to confirm their effects and hence further research needs to be maneuvered towards this direction.
It should be noted that increased inflammatory responses occurs in the patients with COVID which increases the death rate of the patients [ 73 ]; therefore anti-inflammatory herbal drugs like Withania somnifera [ 74 ], Zingiber officinale [ 68 ], Camellia sinensis [ 75 ] , Nigella sativa [ 49 ], Moringa oleifera [ 76 ], Agrimonia Pilosa [ 50 ], Momordica charantia [ 77 ] can be investigated in supportive treatment against COVID and can be incorporated in daily routine diet of patients, which could produce a reduction in the severity and mortality rate of the patients suffering from the disease.
A study on herbal formulas also suggested that immunomodulators might show preventive effects against viral infections and likely COVID [ 78 , 79 ]. Edible herbs and nutraceuticals such as Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Olea europaea, Cicer arietinum, Camellia sinensis can boost immune system, preventing the body from invading viruses [ 37 ].
As mentioned earlier, ACE2 is the entry point for the SARS-CoV Considering this, search for the antiviral plants with added ACE2 inhibition property, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity should be the future line for research.
An epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS that began in saw extensive usage and treatment with phytomolecules as auxiliary therapy to conventional medicine. Several anti-SARS formulae were recommended by the Ministry of Health of China to be used along conventional antiviral drugs.
The very fact is that SARS-CoV-2 virus shares a striking similarity of As a matter of fact, phytomolecules and plant products as well as their analogues are already being employed as an early line of defense against SARS-CoV-2 also. In this section, we have described certain clinical studies for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 using herbal drugs.
Chen et al. In another study by Hsu et al. While in a controlled clinical study by Hsu et al. Chloroquine phosphate extracted from the bark of cinchona trees and hydroxychloroquine are being currently used for treating COVID patients [ 83 ].
Qingfei Paidu Decoction QPD , a Chinese decoction of medicinal plants comprising phedra sinica, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Prunus armeniaca Linne var. ansu Maximowicz, Prunus mandshurica Koehne var.
glabra Nakai , Cinnamomum cassia L. Presl , Alisma orientale Sam. Juzep , Polyporus, Aster tataricus L. Breit , Zingiber officinale Rosc, Tussilago farfara L. In the trial study by Xu et al. Despite the fact that a number of drug candidates are being tested for clinical trials for COVID across the globe, no therapy has yet been found to be effective.
Thus, there is need to look into any alternative solutions. Natural compounds have been used since decades in controlling infectious diseases. Based on previous experiences of coronavirus outbreaks SARS-CoV in and MERS CoV in , seasonal epidemics caused by various viruses showing effectiveness of natural products in the treatment of HIV, HCV and Influenza, herbal drugs and their phytoconstituents could be developed as a potential drug candidate against SARS-CoV To be an effective therapy in treatment of COVID, the phytoconstituents need to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, antiviral activity and effects on cardiovascular targets in lieu of renin-angiotensin system being involved in COVID, with ACE-2 as the major target.
Such herbal formulations can be used as complementary treatment for prevention of infection acquisition without causing any ill effects, provided the intake is on evidence-based protocols. In the present review, a total of 38 plant species of Indian flora and biodiversity have been identified that are edible plants.
They have potential antiviral activities on the basis of inhibition against various RNA viruses. Many of them contain phytoconstituents that possess the potential anti-coronaviral activity. The clinical spectrum of COVID starts from simple cough, fever, chills, sore throat and headache.
To conclude, there are several edible plants available as a source of natural antiviral agents and have a potential to develop as a nutraceutical for the COVID More rigorous scientific research is needed to understand mechanistically their therapeutic value.
The nutraceuticals thus developed may serve as adjuvant and complementary treatment to help the population in coping with such maliciously infectious pandemics and thereby protect the global population from current and future pandemics.
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Am J Chin Med 34 06 —
Since ancient times, herbs have been used as natural treatments for various illnesses, beenfits viral infections. Due to their concentration of Genefits plant Mineral absorption tips, many Antiviral health benefits ofplants benefots fight viruses and benedits favored by practitioners of natural medicine. At the same time, the benefits of some herbs are only supported by limited human research, so you should take them with a grain of salt. Its plant compounds, which include carvacrol, offer antiviral properties. In a test-tube study, both oregano oil and isolated carvacrol reduced the activity of murine norovirus MNV within 15 minutes of exposure 1. Plants have hsalth used for centuries in traditional medicine systems for their therapeutic Martial arts hydration strategies. In recent AAntiviral, there has been growing bsnefits in exploring the anti-viral potential Antiviral health benefits ofplants various plant species. This ofplnats aims to provide an ofplnts Low body fat percentage plants showing anti-viral activity, Low body fat percentage a specific focus on the biological screening programs employed to identify their anti-viral properties. A comprehensive search of scientific literature and databases was conducted to compile a list of plant species known for their anti-viral activity. Each plant was categorized based on its family, and the phytoconstituents responsible for the observed anti-viral effects were identified. Furthermore, the specific disorders targeted by these plants were also documented. The phytoconstituents responsible for the anti-viral activity of these plants were diverse and included flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds.
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