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Shocking Truth: Foods to Avoid If You Have Bad Kidneys! - Chronic Kidney DiseaseFlavonoids and kidney health -
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Quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, rutin, genistein, proanthocyanidin and eriodictyol have been confirmed to act on the aforementioned targets Fig. Inflammatory regulation of flavonoids in diabetic nephropathy.
The red circles represent different bioflavonoids in the relevant regulatory functions. Furthermore, flavonoids promote podocyte autophagy and inhibit the overactivity of RAAS by suppressing upstream oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways and ultimately alleviate DN.
VEGF, ET-1, TGF-β, the PMAPK pathway and mTOR are correlated with this regulation mechanism. Overall, flavonoids reverse the process of renal fibrosis by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation and reduce renal cell damage by promoting renal podocyte autophagy.
At present, although several experimental studies have been performed on the pharmacological effects of flavonoids, few clinical studies have been conducted, which indicates that the clinical application of flavonoids is unlikely to occur soon.
In addition, this review also has several shortcomings. For example, different DN models may have an impact on the therapeutic effects of flavonoids.
In addition, the clinical dosage, dosage formulation, administration method and other key factors were also different among the analyzed studies. Therefore, before clinical trials can be conducted, natural products need to be thoroughly tested in different DN models to determine the most suitable model.
Low bioavailability limits the clinical application of flavonoids. Therefore, new formulations or structural modifications are needed to improve the pharmacokinetic parameters and promote the clinical application of flavonoids [ ].
On the other hand, flavonoids can be used as lead compounds for the development of therapeutic drugs for DN. Similar structural modifications were made to artemisinin to generate dihydroartemisinin, which has more powerful antimalarial effects [ ].
In addition, the synergistic effect and mechanism of the combination of flavonoids and other ingredients should be considered. For instance, the realgar natural indigo tablet, a combination of arsenic trioxide and tanshinone, has a therapeutic effect on acute promyelocytic leukaemia [ ].
Many studies have demonstrated that natural ingredients typically act on multiple targets instead of a single target [ ]. In addition, many diseases are complex network signal pathway disorders. Therefore, combination therapy using two or more flavonoids might be a possible method to prevent and treat DN [ ].
As network pharmacology and metabolomics technologies have been improved in recent years, the pharmaceuticalization of flavonoid natural ingredients has greater potential [ , ]. In short, flavonoids are promising drugs for the treatment of DN. In summary, bioflavonoids play a multi-target and multi-pathway role in DN therapy, especially via anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effects that correlate with apoptosis, glomerular protection and kidney fibrosis.
In addition, the protective effects of bioflavonoids against DN indicate the potential of flavonoids for DN treatment, and as relevant clinical studies are lacking, further research is warranted in this area. Butler MS, Robertson AAB, Cooper MA.
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Chronic kidney disease heqlth a syndrome defined as the continuous Flavonoids and kidney health of renal Flavonnoids, Flavonoids and kidney health kifney one of the top healfh causes of healty worldwide. In the past few decades, dietary flavonoids and their derivatives Hydration for athletes been proved as potential drugs to control chronic kidney disease. There also seems to be a relationship between the intake of dietary flavonoids and nephropathy incidence. This study reviews the metabolism and bioavailability of plant flavonoids with different structures and their multifunctional role in inhibiting chronic kidney disease. The alleviating effect of plant flavonoids in chronic kidney disease is attributed to several mechanisms, including reduction of oxidative stress, immune modulation anti-inflammation, renal fibrosis inhibition, anti-apoptosis, and regulating gut flora.Hezlth kidney disease is a syndrome defined qnd the Flavonoidx change of renal Flavnooids, considered as one of the top 10 causes kdney death worldwide. In the past few decades, dietary znd and their derivatives kisney been proved as potential healtn to control chronic kidney disease.
Heqlth also seems to Flavonoids and kidney health a relationship Flwvonoids the intake of dietary flavonoids and nephropathy incidence. This study kodney the metabolism and bioavailability of plant flavonoids with different structures and heaalth multifunctional role in inhibiting chronic kidney disease.
The Fpavonoids effect of plant flavonoids in chronic midney disease is attributed to several mechanisms, including reduction of healtb stress, immune modulation anti-inflammation, renal fibrosis inhibition, anti-apoptosis, and regulating gut flora.
It also discussed how Calming sensitive skin flavonoids regulate the intestinal flora of chronic kidney disease patients and further Flavonoids and kidney health ajd health through the gut-kidney axis.
Kidjey addition, the products and development prospect of plant kkidney are also introduced. The main sources Flavonlids flavonoids healthh their related mechanisms helth the treatment of chronic kidney disease.
This is healtg preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check heath. Rent this article via DeepDyve. Flavonoids and kidney health subscriptions. Alam MdA, Islam P, Subhan N, Rahman M, Flavonokds F, Burrows GE, Nahar L, Sarker SD Potential health benefits kidneg anthocyanins in oxidative stress Flaavonoids disorders.
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: Flavonoids and kidney health| Flavonoids in Kidney Health and Disease | Previous studies have reported citrus flavonoids to have protective kidney functions, including the prevention of renal crystal formation. Kidney disease can be caused by and involved in other complex diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Show more. Content provided by Gencor Sep White Paper. PEA has been shown to optimize the immune system. Content provided by Horphag Research Jun Clinical Study. Pycnogenol® French maritime pine bark extract has been shown in various studies to promote joint mobility and flexibility and naturally relieve articular CONTINUE TO SITE Or wait Facebook Twitter Linkedin. However, flavonoids have a low bioavailability in the body, making it essential to understand better their molecular mechanism of action. We suggest that a flavonoid-rich diet could have promising nephroprotective effects and beneficial outcomes in treating patients with kidney diseases. Abstract: The kidney is susceptible to reactive oxygen species-mediated cellular injury resulting in glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, tubular cell apoptosis, and senescence, leading to renal failure, and is a significant cause of death worldwide. Oxidative stress-mediated inflammation is a key player in the pathophysiology of various renal injuries and diseases. Flavonoids are plant polyphenols possessing several health benefits and are distributed in plants from roots to leaves, flowers, and fruits. Dietary flavonoids have potent antioxidant and free-radical scavenging properties and play essential roles in disease prevention. Flavonoids exert a nephroprotective effect by improving antioxidant status, ameliorating excessive reactive oxygen species ROS levels, and reducing oxidative stress, by acting as Nrf2 antioxidant response mediators. Moreover, flavonoids play essential roles in reducing chemical toxicity. This review covers the recent nephroprotective effects of flavonoids against oxidative stress-mediated inflammation in the kidney and their clinical advancements in renal therapy. AB - Simple Summary: Increased stress is often observed in patients with kidney diseases, contributing to renal injury progression. Plant Flavonoids on Oxidative Stress-Mediated Kidney Inflammation. Ramadan, Rawad Hodeify, Rachel Matar, Maxime Merheb, Shoib Sarwar Siddiqui , Cijo George Vazhappilly, Zipei Zhang Editor , Quancai Sun Editor , Xian Wu Editor. Centre for Future Societies Research Biosciences Research Group Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Science School of Life and Medical Sciences. Overview Fingerprint. The ROC curves were generated through graphing the percentage of genuine positives relative to the percentage of the false positives relative to the percentage of true negatives. The designed ROC curves pattern was utilized to verify the selected compounds for molecular docking analyses so the selected compounds should be from active ligands instead of inactive ligands decoys. It was also observed that the designed pattern scrutinized the active ligands from top ranked compounds of the selected database. ROC curve is the relationship between sensitivity and specificity. It represents true positive and false positive fractions on y-axis and x-axis, respectively. Extensive analyses revealed that Procyanidin ID was more efficient among the selected compounds. MD simulation coupled with molecular docking analyses suggested that the selected compound must satisfy the drug properties having least binding energy. By satisfaction of the selected parameters of binding energy, binding affinity and ADMET properties, it is suggested that Procyanidin ID is a potent compound against kidney disease by targeting AIM2 Table 1 [ 47 ]. Catechin and epicatechin molecules combine to generate procyanidin as an oligomeric chemical. The de-polymerization in an oxidizing environment leads to produce cyanidin. Polyphenols is the largest class of secondary metabolites. Proanthocyanins is condensed tannins, precursor to procyanidins and type of polyphenol. Procyanidins are polyphenols prevalent in dietary fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and grains and have a number of biological actions including chemo preventive [ 47 , 48 ]. The optimal chemical complex with the protein target was simulated by using MD simulation analyses for ns. RMSD and RMSF values were determined by means of MD trajectory analyses. The time-dependent variation in RMSD values for C-alpha atoms in ligand-bound proteins showed the stability of the complex Fig 4. The RMSD plot showed that the complex RN2 stabilized at 10 ns. However, there was a slight increase in RMSD of protein bound ligand at 40 ns. This flip could be due to the conformational change in the rotatable bonds of ligand. The two-dimensional representation of ligand in Fig 3 shows that it has some rotatable bonds. Torsion angle of ligand cause these types of flips [ 49 ]. After 40 ns, no obvious change and variation was observed throughout the simulation analyses of ligand fit on protein. It was observed that the average RMSD of protein structure PDB ID: 3RN2 was 1. The average RMSD of ligand with respect to protein was 1. The RMSD showed variations however, no clear variation has been observed in the RMSD calculation of ligand after equilibrium. This showed that the ligand remained bound to the binding pocket of the protein [ 50 , 51 ]. Protein RMSD shifts over time are plotted on the left Y axis. Differences in ligand root-mean-square deviation RMSD over time are plotted along the right Y-axis. Protein dynamics are characterized by Principal Component Analysis PCA [ 52 ]. The observing collective trajectory motions during MD simulations analyses were calculated. The eigenvalues depicted the hyperspace eigenvector fluctuations. In simulations analyses the eigenvectors having higher eigenvalues regulates the total mobility of the target protein. The top five eigenvectors in utilized systems showed dominant movements and had larger eigenvalues All changes were observed and plotted in three PCs PC1, PC2, and PC3. PC1 clusters had the largest variability As a result of its low variability, PC3 has a more compact structure than PC1 and PC2 and was considered as more stabilized protein ligand binding complex. The simple clustering in PC subspace revealed conformational variations across all the groups. The blue color exhibits the most significant mobility; white color indicates intermediate movement, and red indicating less flexibility [ 53 ]. A Principal Component Analysis eigenvalue plotted versus the percentage of variance RN2. The varying areas are displayed on three separate sections. Variations in PC1, PC2, and PC3 add up to The positive and negative correlations of the residues are depicted by cyan and purple colors respectively. The selected ligand ID: and the target protein 3RN2 showed significant correlation through the high pairwise cross-correlation coefficient value on the cross-correlation map Fig 5B. The magenta color represents anti-correlated residues It was observed that the large number of pairwise correlated residues between the target protein AIM2 and the selected ligand [ 54 ]. RMSF value of the protein-ligand complex was calculated Fig 6. Based on MD trajectories, the higher peaks of the residues in loop regions, N- and C-terminal zones Fig 7 showed the stability. The stability of the selected ligand binding against the target protein showed low RMSF values. The secondary structure features including alpha-helices and beta-strands were predicted throughout the simulation. Secondary Structure Elements graph was plotted against the residual index to calculate the distribution across the protein structure. It was observed that 3. Ratio of alpha helices and beta sheets also affect the RMSD of protein. As there are rigid region of protein so the residues in these structures showed low RMSD as compared to the residues lies in coils and loops [ 55 , 56 ]. The alpha helices are represented by the red columns and the beta strands by the blue ones. The hydrogen bonds constituted the vast majority of the significant ligand-protein interactions Fig 8. The hydrogen bonding was observed for Glu, Phe, Glu, Gln, Ile and Asn residues. The ligand-protein interaction was also critically observed over the course of the simulation analyses. The molecular contacts and interactions H-bonds, hydrophobic, ionic, and water bridges showed the interaction between the target protein and the selected ligand. Each frame of the trajectory was calculated at x-axis and the interaction of the ligand. Various independent interactions with the ligand were also observed Fig 8 [ 57 ]. In present work, molecular docking analyses coupled with MD simulation were performed, and missing residues from the 3D structure of AIM2 was predicted. The simulated complexes showed a reliable degree of accuracy, specifically at the binding site of the target protein. Molecular docking analyses and MD simulation analyses revealed the interactional residues of the selected ligands and the receptor protein. The reported compound showed least binding energy and efficient properties. Molecular docking analyses and MD simulation suggested that the efficient ligand must have affective binding affinity, reliable ADMET properties and least binding energy. In the light of selected parameters of least binding energy and ADMET properties, it is suggested that Procyanidin ID are potential drug molecules. It stands to the reason that the reported ligand has the propensity to be potent ligand [ 58 , 59 ]. The MMGBSA method is frequently used to evaluate the binding energy of ligands to protein molecules [ 60 ]. The influence of additional non-bonded interaction energies as well as the binding free energy of each AIM2-CID complex were evaluated. The binding energy of the ligand CID to AIM2 is Gbind is governed by non-bonded interactions such as G bind Coulomb, G bind Packing, G bind H bond , G bind Lipo, and G bind vdW Table 2. The S1 Table contains all the MM-GBSA results. The average binding energy was mainly influenced by the G bind vdW, G bind Lipo, and G bind Coulomb energies across all types of interactions. The GbindSolvGB and Gbind Covalent energies, on the other hand, made the smallest contributions to the final average binding energies. Additionally, AIM2-CID complexes showed stable hydrogen bonds with amino acid residues by their G bind H bond interaction values. As a result, the binding energy derived from the docking data was well justified by the MM-GBSA calculations that came from the MD simulation trajectories [ 61 ]. In conclusion, the current work suggested that the reported compound Procyanidin ID are effective in kidney disease by targeting AIM2. Though extensive in silico analyses including molecular docking analyses and molecular dynamic analyses seem to be enough to conclude that Procyanidin ID may be the potent option for kidney disease by targeting AIM2. The reported compound will be useful to researchers and may lead to the development of a new medicine for the treatment of renal inflammasomes. Browse Subject Areas? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Article Authors Metrics Comments Media Coverage Reader Comments Figures. Abstract Kidney disorders are among the most common diseases and there is a scarcity of effective treatments for chronic kidney disease. Introduction Inflammasomes are cytosolic receptors of the innate immune system that are responsible for the protection and activation of inflammatory responses against danger signals [ 1 ]. Materials and methods Protein preparation The 3D structure of the selected protein interferon inducible protein AIM2 having PDB ID 3RN2 [ 12 ] was retrieved from Protein Data Bank PDB [ 16 ]. Molecular docking analyses and docking validation The molecular docking analyses were performed by utilizing AutoDock Vina [ 20 ] and flavonoids were used as ligands. Toxicity analyses Drug likeness and ADMET adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity properties were calculated by using pkCSM [ 27 ] and QikProp [ 28 ]. Molecular dynamic simulation Desmond, a software from Schrödinger LLC [ 30 ], was utilized to perform Molecular Dynamic MD simulations for nano seconds ns. Molecular mechanics and generalized born surface area MM-GBSA calculations The molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area MM-GBSA module of prime was used to determine the binding free energy Gbind of docked complex during MD simulations of AIM2 complexed with CID Results and discussion The 3D structure of the target protein 3RN2 was retrieved from PDB. Download: PPT. Fig 1. Table 1. Fig 3. The interaction residues of the selected compound against the selected protein along with bond length. Fig 4. The variation in the root mean square deviation RMSD between the C-alpha atoms of proteins and ligand RN2 over time. Fig 6. Root Mean Square Fluctuation RMSF of the target protein residues complexed with the selected ligand. Fig 7. Elements of protein secondary structure are dispersed across protein-ligand complexes with respect to residue index. Table 2. Average MM-GBSA binding energy calculation of CID with AIM2 after every 10 ns from MD Simulation trajectories. Conclusion In conclusion, the current work suggested that the reported compound Procyanidin ID are effective in kidney disease by targeting AIM2. Supporting information. S1 Table. MM-GBSA binding energy calculation of bonded and non-bonded interactions of CID with AIM2 after every 10 ns from MD simulation trajectories. s CSV. References 1. Komada T. J Am Soc Nephrol, Abdul-Sater A. and Philpott D. Xiang H. |
| Background | Chin J ETMF 19 12 — Google Scholar Kakuta Y, Okumi M, Isaka Y, Tsutahara K, Abe T, Yazawa K, Ichimaru N, Matsumura K, Hyon SH, Takahara S, Nonomura N Epigallocatechingallate protects kidneys from ischemia reperfusion injury by HO-1 upregulation and inhibition of macrophage infiltration. Arch Pharm Res. The previous studies showed that TGF-β1 could induce fibroblast proliferation Kamejima et al. Quercetin aglycone is then primarily metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract Graf et al. Transcription factor Nrf2 is protective during ischemic and nephrotoxic acute kidney injury in mice. A wide variety of higher plants that have red, blue, or purple hues contain flavonoids, and are secondary metabolites with varying phenolic structures [ 15 ]. |
| Related products | Ohkita M, Hayashi H, Ito K, Shigematsu N, Tanaka R, Tsutsui H, et al. Semin Nephrol. Mannige R. Molecular dynamic simulation Desmond, a software from Schrödinger LLC [ 30 ], was utilized to perform Molecular Dynamic MD simulations for nano seconds ns. Quercetin also targets fibrotic, inflammatory, and oxidative mediators such as TGF-β, SIRT1, AKT, and NF-κB to inhibit inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and promote autophagy to exert renal protective effects. A Database of Useful Decoys Enhanced was employed to create the decoy dataset [ 23 ]. |
| Supplementary files | AB - Simple Summary: Increased stress is often observed in patients with kidney diseases, contributing to renal injury progression. Plant Flavonoids on Oxidative Stress-Mediated Kidney Inflammation. Ramadan, Rawad Hodeify, Rachel Matar, Maxime Merheb, Shoib Sarwar Siddiqui , Cijo George Vazhappilly, Zipei Zhang Editor , Quancai Sun Editor , Xian Wu Editor. Centre for Future Societies Research Biosciences Research Group Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Science School of Life and Medical Sciences. Overview Fingerprint. Abstract Simple Summary: Increased stress is often observed in patients with kidney diseases, contributing to renal injury progression. Keywords Review plant metabolites bioavailability inflammatory markers reactive oxygen species antioxidant renal injury. Access to Document Final published version, 1. Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Plant Flavonoids on Oxidative Stress-Mediated Kidney Inflammation'. 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You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. QH is the major contributor to this manuscript. QH conducted the analytical part, wrote the first version of the manuscript, and Qu et al. finalized the manuscript. QH downloaded the reference and processed the graph and the table in the manuscript. XX, YJ, WZ, ZW, DS, XP collected the data. XM and YZ corresponding author conceived and coordinated the study, and critically evaluated the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Xiao Ma or YanLing Zhao. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and permissions. Hu, Q. et al. Flavonoids on diabetic nephropathy: advances and therapeutic opportunities. Chin Med 16 , 74 Download citation. Received : 21 June Accepted : 29 July Published : 07 August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Review Open access Published: 07 August Flavonoids on diabetic nephropathy: advances and therapeutic opportunities Qichao Hu ORCID: orcid. Abstract With the advances in biomedical technologies, natural products have attracted substantial public attention in the area of drug discovery. Introduction With the rapid development of high-throughput screening technology, natural products that possess a wide spectrum of bioactive effects have attracted public attention as potential new drugs [ 1 ]. Search strategies For this narrative review, research articles on the treatment of diabetic nephropathy with flavonoids were collected from PubMed, the Cochrane Library Web of Science, and the EMBASE database. Diabetic nephropathy The pathogenesis of DN is complex and remains unclear, but research to date has shown that renal artery hypertension caused by hyperglycaemia, excessive levels of reactive oxygen species ROS and impaired podocyte autophagy are closely related to the occurrence of DN. Full size image. Flavonoids for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy Quercetin Quercetin, rich in the stems and leaves of buckwheat, sea buckthorn, hawthorn, and onion, exists mostly in the form of glycosides, such as rutin and hyperoside, and can be extracted by alkaline extraction and acid precipitation [ 28 , 29 ]. Chemical structures of the active flavonoids discussed in this review. Table 1 Information on flavonoids for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy Full size table. Discussion and prospects With the continuous advancement of high-throughput screening technology, active natural products from plants with special chemical structures that exert multiple pharmacological effects have become an indispensable source of new drugs [ ]. Key findings Current research shows that the pathogenesis of DN is highly related to oxidative stress and inflammation. 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| Introduction | Li Y, Xu G. Goligorsky MS, Brodsky SV, Noiri E. Copyright: © Kandeel et al. TNF-α is a powerful pro-inflammatory cytokine that aids the immune system during periods of inflammation Nair et al. Morsi, A. |
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