Waist circumference and health education -
When possible, the body mass index and waist circumference are used to estimate health risks and benefits. If either measurement is missing, the other is used to determine the benefits and risks Tables 3c and 4.
A dual energy X-ray absorptiometry DXA scanner is a fully automated measuring system and is currently the gold standard methodology for analyzing body composition and bone health.
It quantifies bone, fat, and lean tissue mass of the body. Three scans will be done — lower back, hip, whole body. The DXA emits low levels of ionizing radiation while in operation, amounts lower than a typical cross-Canada flight.
Still, much like exposure to other sources of radiation, such as natural background radiation in our environment, exposure to radiation has the potential to harm the tissue cells of an individual. To ensure the amount of radiation used is as low as reasonably achievable, the DXA is regularly calibrated, inspected and operated by qualified medical radiation technologists that have received extensive training in the use of the equipment.
Oral health is part of your overall health and it is important to understand the risk factors that can affect your oral health.
Risk factors that can affect oral health include age, oral hygiene routine, diet and smoking, diabetes, HIV infections, certain medications and hormonal changes.
The health problems associated with poor oral health include cavities caused by tooth decay, gingivitis and periodontitis gum disease , and oral cancer.
The oral health assessment is not a substitute for a full mouth examination by an oral health professional.
There are no x-rays taken nor other diagnostic tools used. Respondents do not receive treatment; however the dentist will outline any potential treatment needs based on the assessment, including a recommended timeframe for follow-up with an oral health professional.
Canadian Health Measures Survey — Report of physical measurements information sheet. Blood pressure and heart rate Resting blood pressure Blood pressure is the force of the blood against the artery walls created by the heart as it pumps blood throughout the body. Table 1. Resting blood pressure follow-up guidelines for children and youth aged 6 to 17 Systolic or diastolic percentile Resting blood pressure category Recommended follow-up Less than 90th percentile Normal Recheck at next check-up 90th to 94th percentile High end of normal range Recheck within the next 2 months 95th to 99th percentile High Recheck within the next week Above the 99th percentile Very high Recheck at a clinic or hospital emergency room today Source: National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents.
Blood pressure follow-up guidelines for individuals 18 and older with no history of hypertension Systolic pressure mm Hg Footnote 1 Diastolic pressure mm Hg Footnote 1 Blood pressure category Recommended follow-up Below Below 80 Optimal Recheck within two years to 80 to 84 Normal Recheck within one year to 85 to 89 Normal to high Recheck within two months to 90 to 99 Mild hypertension Recheck within one month to to Moderate hypertension Recheck within one week and above and above Severe hypertension Recheck today at a clinic or hospital emergency room Footnote 1 Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury or mm Hg.
Report a problem or mistake on this page. Date modified: Source: National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Clinical Topics: Cardiovascular Care Team, Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Disease, Dyslipidemia.
Keywords: Dyslipidemias, Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity, Abdominal, Obesity, Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, Cardiovascular Diseases, Intra-Abdominal Fat, Obesity, Morbid, Ethnic Groups, Prognosis, Mental Health, Consensus, Overweight, Life Style, Biomarkers, Morbidity, Energy Metabolism, Chronic Disease, Reference Standards, Phenotype, National Institutes of Health U.
Waist Circumference as a Vital Sign: Is It Ready for Prime Time? May 10, Kunal Jha, MD ; Anum Minhas, MD ; Francoise Marvel, MD ; Chiadi E Ndumele, MD, PhD ; Seth Shay Martin, MD, MHS, FACC ; Michael J Blaha, MD, MPH ; Roger S. Blumenthal, MD, FACC Expert Analysis. Quick Takes Over the past decade, for every body mass index BMI category, waist circumference WC has increased disproportionately.
Using a single WC threshold for each BMI is inadequate in identifying the high-risk obese individuals at risk of developing cardiometabolic disease.
A combination of BMI and WC better predicts future risk of cardiometabolic disease in the highest risk obesity phenotype than either anthropometric measure alone.
Although addition of WC to cardiovascular risk models does not improve risk prediction, it is still a robust interventional therapeutic target to achieve risk reduction.
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The most basic method, and the most common, is the body mass index BMI. Doctors can easily calculate BMI from the heights and weights they gather at each checkup; BMI tables and online calculators also make it easy for individuals to determine their own BMIs.
Edcuation is a Hair growth techniques circumfsrence Waist circumference and health education by increased Waist circumference and health education of visceral fat that Waist circumference and health education physical Waist circumference and health education mental health. Byabout half of US adults will be Hair growth techniques, and a quarter will Menopause and skin care severe obesity. Body mass index BMI circumferende traditionally used in circumferece diagnosis of obesity and waist circumference WC is a surrogate marker of visceral obesity. A sizeable minority of obese patients do not develop cardiometabolic disorders, and they are referred to as having metabolically healthy obesity MHO. BMI alone cannot differentiate between metabolically healthy versus unhealthy obese patients. Clinicians often rely on BMI to manage obesity-related health risks, but there is uncertainty about which anthropometric measure, BMI, or WC reliably predicts cardiovascular disease CVD. An expert consensus statement 6 reviewed the utility of WC in evaluating and managing overweight or obese patients.Waist circumference and health education -
The CHMS is an ongoing survey designed to provide comprehensive, direct health measures at the national level. Residents of Indian Reserves, institutions and some remote regions, and full-time members of the Canadian Forces are excluded.
Ethics approval for the CHMS was obtained from Health Canada's Research Ethics Board. Data for Cycle 2 were collected at 18 locations across Canada from August through December In addition to a detailed questionnaire administered in the respondent's home, the survey involved physical measures including WC , height and weight several days later at a mobile examination centre.
Participation in the survey was voluntary, and written informed consent was obtained from respondents for participation in the physical measures component.
Additional information about the content and sample design can be found in the CHMS Cycle 2 Data User Guide. Of the households selected for the survey, A total of 6, respondents The final response rate, after adjusting for the sampling strategy, was This study pertains to 6, respondents for whom WC was measured using both the WHO and NIH protocols.
CHMS health measures specialists were trained to measure WC using both the NIH and WHO protocols. WC was measured to the nearest 0. The two measurements were taken consecutively near the beginning of the visit to the mobile examination centre.
The health measures specialists landmarked the location of the tape, marked it with a washable marker, and took the measure at the end of a normal expiration, on the right side of the back, using the reflection of the left side of the body in a mirror to ensure that the tape was horizontal.
Figure 1 Waist circumference measurement sites for men and women based on World Health Organization WHO and National Institutes of Health NIH protocols. Based on their WC measurements, adults aged 20 or older were classified into three health risk categories according to cut-offs recommended by the WHO , 5 Health Canada, 1 and Obesity Canada.
The three categories are: low risk men, WC Adolescents aged 12 to 19 were classified into low-, increased, and high-risk WC categories according to the age- and sex-specific cut-offs proposed by Jolliffe et al. BMI is calculated as weight kg divided by height squared m 2.
Height was measured to the nearest 0. Adults aged 18 or older were classified into six BMI categories: underweight less than Children and teenagers aged 3 to 17 were classified into BMI categories based on growth curves using age- and sex-specific cut-offs of the WHO.
The WHO recommends that 5- to year-olds whose BMI is more than two standard deviations SD above the mean be considered obese, and those whose BMI is between one and two SD above the mean, overweight.
Scatter plots and linear regression were used to identify factors associated with the difference between the two measurements. Separate prediction equations were generated for men and women ages 20 to 79 and for boys and girls ages 3 to The prediction equations generated from split-sample A were applied to split-sample B.
Outliers in split-sample B were included in this evaluation. The estimates were compared by sex for six age groups: 3 to 5, 6 to 11, 12 to 19, 20 to 39, 40 to 59, and 60 to Comparisons were also made by BMI categories, by sex, for adults and for children.
The percentages of respondents whose WC put them in a high health risk category were compared among the three measurements. Sensitivity refers to the percentage of true positives? Specificity refers to the percentage of true negatives?
Prediction equations for detailed age-sex groups were evaluated data not shown , but the results were similar to those based on the four prediction equations presented in the current study. Crude adjustments were also evaluated, whereby the differences between WHO and NIH measurements were calculated based on split-sample A and then applied to split-sample B.
Crude adjustments were made by detailed age-sex groups and by BMI categories by sex, for adults and for children. The results based on these crude adjustments data not shown were not as favourable as those based on the four regression models.
Estimates of percentages, means and regression coefficients were calculated using weighted data. Differences between estimates were tested for statistical significance, which was set at 0.
Standard errors were estimated with the bootstrap technique; the number of degrees of freedom was specified as 13 to account for the sample design of the data. Weighted estimates were produced to adjust for unequal probabilities of selection and to take advantage of the adjustments made to reduce non-response bias in the CHMS.
For men, the association with age was negative. For women, the association with age was not linear, but when age groups were included in the regression model, a positive association emerged for women aged 20 to Table A Regression coefficients for difference between waist circumference based on National Institutes of Health and World Health Organization WHO protocols, by age group and sex, household population aged 3 to 79, Canada, to The differences were greatest for girls aged 12 to 19 3.
Table 2 Mean waist circumference based on World Health Organization WHO and National Institutes of Health NIH protocols, by sex and age group, household population aged 3 to 79, Canada, to Overall, the measured and predicted NIH values were statistically similar mean differences range from For the detailed age-sex groups, the only significant difference was for girls aged 12 to 19 Table 3 Difference between waist circumference measured according to National Institutes of Health NIH and World Health Organization WHO protocols, by sex and age group, household population aged 3 to 79, Canada, to The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC outlines the following BMI recommendations for adults:.
Your waist-to-hip ratio helps show how much weight you carry on your hips, thighs, and buttocks. To calculate, measure your waist circumference and your hip circumference. Then, divide your waist measurements by your hip measurements.
According to the World Health Organization , your risk of metabolic complications , such as type 2 diabetes, increases when a man has a waist-to-hip ratio result of more than 0. A review of studies on these measurements revealed that waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio appeared to have a more direct link to health conditions than BMI.
This may be because BMI is only a general measure of fat. The number cannot tell you where the fat is distributed on the body. Your risk of developing heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension increases if you are man with a waistline over 40 inches One in four deaths in the United States is caused by heart disease.
A study noted that both BMI and waistline size can indicate your risk of heart disease. Waistline size is also linked to metabolic syndrome , high blood pressure , and high cholesterol , all of which may lead to heart disease.
A study revealed that waist circumference is a better predictor of type 2 diabetes risk than BMI, particularly for women. The incidence of type 2 diabetes increases with age. Other risk factors include:. One study showed that men with abdominal adiposity large waist and waist-to-hip ratio carried the highest risk of having a stroke in their lifetime.
A high BMI increased stroke incidence in both men and women. Inflammation in the body may contribute to conditions like:. A study showed that people with larger waist circumferences had higher levels of chronic inflammation.
A review of studies showed that people with larger waistlines may have a shorter life expectancy. In fact, men measuring 43 inches cm or higher had a 50 percent greater risk of death than those measuring 37 inches 94 cm around.
For women, the risk of death was some 80 percent higher with a waist measuring 37 inches 94 cm compared to those measuring These results did not appear to be influenced by other factors, like age, body mass index, smoking and alcohol use, or exercise habits. Belly fat is made up of both subcutaneous fat a layer of padding under the skin and visceral fat.
The latter is deeper in the abdomen and surrounds your internal organs. When visceral fat builds, it coats the heart, kidneys, digestive system, liver, and pancreas, impacting their ability to function properly.
People come in all different shapes and sizes. The same goes for waist shapes. One study on twins suggests that waistline is influenced by genetics. This means that, while you can lose weight and affect the amount of fat stored on and around your waist, you may not be able to change your body shape or proportions.
While you cannot spot treat fat on any specific area of your body, the fat stored around your waist and the distribution of your weight may be influenced by your diet and exercise habits.
Losing just 5 to 10 percent of your body weight may help decrease your health risks. If you have any concerns about your waistline and health, talk to your doctor. An hourglass figure can be hard to achieve. Find out what types of exercises and workouts can help you trim your waist and tone your muscles in the….
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Critics say BMI isn't a good measurement for women or People of Color.
Janssen I Hair growth techniques, Katzmarzyk PTRoss R. Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Waixt Risk circumderence Evidence Cancer-fighting nutrients Support of Current National Institutes of Health Guidelines. Arch Intern Med. From the Almond cookies of Physical nad Health Education Pure chlorogenic acid Janssen, Healtn, and Ross and the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Dr RossQueen's University, Kingston, Ontario. Background No evidence supports the waist circumference WC cutoff points recommended by the National Institutes of Health to identify subjects at increased health risk within the various body mass index BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters categories. Objective To examine whether the prevalence of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and the metabolic syndrome is greater in individuals with high compared with normal WC values within the same BMI category.
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