Hydration and muscle cramps -
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Download references. The present study was supported by the Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory Incorporation Japan who provided a grant and OS-1® to perform the study. However, the manuscript was not oversighted by the company. Center for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, , Australia.
Department of Sport and Wellness, Rikkyo University, Niiza, Saitama, Japan. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. All authors contributed to the conception and the design of the study, data collection and analyses, and interpretation of the data.
KN and WYL drafted the manuscript, and all approved the final version of the manuscript. Correspondence to Kazunori Nosaka. The study was reviewed and approved by the Edith Cowan University Human Research Ethics Committee Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants.
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Lau, W. Effect of oral rehydration solution versus spring water intake during exercise in the heat on muscle cramp susceptibility of young men. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 18 , 22 Download citation. Received : 16 October Accepted : 15 February Published : 15 March Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
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Download ePub. Abstract Background Muscle cramp is a painful, involuntary muscle contraction, and that occurs during or following exercise is referred to as exercise-associated muscle cramp EAMC.
Results The average ±SD baseline TF Conclusions These results suggest that ORS intake during exercise decreased muscle cramp susceptibility. Background Water is essential for our body, thus it is necessary to euhydrate by drinking fluids and eating foods that contain water every day. Methods Participants This study was approved by the Institutional Human Research Ethics Committee, and complied with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Study design The present study used OS-1 Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc. Muscle cramp assessment To assess calf muscle cramp susceptibility, calf muscles were electrically stimulated to induce muscle cramping, and the frequency of the stimulation to induce muscle cramp was used as an indicator of muscle cramp susceptibility [ 14 ].
Exercise All participants were instructed to refrain from any strenuous exercise for one week prior to participating in the study. Full size image. Results Exercise The distance covered in the DHR was 5.
Discussion The results of the present study showed that the TF to induce muscle cramp after DHR increased with the ingestion of OS-1 during DHR, but decreased with spring water ingestion during DHR. Conclusion It was concluded that spring water intake during exercise in the heat increased muscle cramp susceptibility after exercise downhill running , and ingestion of OS-1 decreased the muscle cramp susceptibility.
Availability of data and materials All data presented in the manuscriot are available upon request. Abbreviations ANOVA: Analysis of variance EAMC: Exercise-associated muscle DHR: Downhill running Hb: Hemoglobin Hct: Hematocrit HR: Heart rate ORS: Oral rehydration solution RPE: Rating of perceived exertion TF: Threshold frequency TROV1: Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 TRPA1: Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 SD: Standard deviation.
References Belval LN, Hosokawa Y, Casa DJ, Adams WM, Armstrong LE, Baker LB, Burke L, Cheuvront S, Chiampas G, González-Alonso J, Huggins RA, Kavouras SA, Lee EC, McDermott BP, Miller K, Schlader Z, Sims S, Stearns RL, Troyanos C, Wingo J.
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Google Scholar Schwellnus MP, Derman EW, Noakes TD. Article CAS Google Scholar Lau WY, Kato H, Nosaka K. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Schwellnus MP, Drew N, Collins M. Article Google Scholar Schwellnus MP, Allie S, Derman W, Collins M.
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Article Google Scholar Behringer M, Harmsen JF, Fasse A, Mester J. Article Google Scholar Braulick KW, Miller KC, Albrecht JM, Tucker JM, Deal JE. Although further research is needed to better understand the underlying physiology of both, the literature provides a basis for understanding the problem and how to prevent muscle cramps from occurring.
The first category of exercise associated muscle cramps is related to skeletal muscle overload and fatigue. According to this theory, the neuromuscular systems imbedded in the muscles for the purpose of maintaining safe control of muscle contraction are affected.
According to this theory, the part of the neuromuscular system that initiates contractions is increased hyper-excitement of muscle spindles while the part of the neuromuscular system that inhibits contractions is decreased Golgi tendon organ.
With the Golgi tendon organ inhibited, the muscle is inundated with messages to contract by the afferent muscle spindle brings messages from the brain to the muscle.
Muscles that are overused and fatigued may be at a higher risk for muscle cramping due to the effects of the fatigue on the neuromuscular system.
What is unique about this type of muscle cramping is that it would only affect the specific muscles that are fatigued and one would not see a generalized system muscle cramping as one would see with a case of dehydration-based muscle cramping.
The second type of cramping is caused by excessive sweat losses associated with a decreased level of electrolytes specifically sodium.
Electrolyte deficit-related muscle cramps are sometimes the first level of three progressive conditions associated with heat illness.
The body has a complex system for cooling itself as the core temperature of the body begins to increase with exercise and an increase in the outdoor temperature.
The first is by redirecting its blood supply out towards the surface capillaries in the skin. As the blood is routed towards the surface, the blood is cooled as it travels just under the skin as it comes into contact with the ambient temperature.
The second system is by sweating. With evaporation of sweat, heat is transferred from the body through an exchange of energy to the air. As the athlete moves, the air comes across the moist skin and cools the body through convection. As the water and sodium content of the body decreases through sweating, the muscles can begin to systemically cramp.
Sodium is the key electrolyte in the formula because sodium helps the body to retain water, especially in the muscle fluid spaces. Electrolytes are minerals that dissolve in the body as electrically charged particles.
They include sodium, chloride, magnesium, and potassium. Electrolytes have a direct effect on muscle cramping because they regulate fluid balance, nerve conduction, and muscle contraction. A common myth associated with treating muscle cramps is that the consumption of bananas can alleviate the cramping.
According to the research presented by Bergeron , several factors may be involved with causing muscle cramping in dehydrated athletes with sodium deficits. The importance of these factors is that they are absolutely unique to the individual athlete.
Some athletes are prone to cramping and others are not. The answer lies in the factors listed above. Some athletes just sweat a lot. While performing the same level of activity, some athletes will be dripping with sweat and others will be relatively dry. This can be seen in both genders.
If an athlete has a high sweat rate during activity, this athlete may be susceptible and be at greater risk for muscle cramping. Some athletes have a high sweat sodium concentration.
These athletes may actually leave salt residue on their skin or clothes after a workout. If an athlete has a higher sweat sodium concentration, this athlete may also be susceptible and be at risk for muscle cramping.
Although other electrolytes are lost in sweat, their concentration and consequent total loss via sweating is not enough to prompt muscle cramping or other problems. The electrolytes most commonly blamed for muscle cramping include calcium, magnesium, and potassium.
However, the review of the literature by Bergeron did not substantiate any of these electrolytes as possible causes of muscle cramping. The effective treatment of muscle cramps is dependent on the cause. For athletes suffering from overuse or fatigue muscle cramps, the most effective treatments are passive stretching, massage, icing of the affected muscles, and contraction of the muscle on the opposite side of the muscle cramping i.
Contracting the muscle opposing the cramping muscle is based on the physiological principle of reciprocal inhibition. When a muscle contracts agonist the opposite muscle antagonist automatically relaxes to allow for the contraction. Athletes suffering from fatigue-related muscle cramps will not be able to continue their activity without further cramping.
These athletes need time for their muscles to heal and recover before trying to compete again. For athletes suffering from muscle cramps prompted by excessive sweating and a sodium deficit, the same treatments as above can be immediately applied to reduce the pain and muscle spasm.
However, along with the stretching, massage, and applied ice, these athletes need to consume fluids with additional sodium. As the cramping resolves, these athletes may be able to continue competing at their normal intensity. Once the activity is completed, the athlete needs to continue to consume electrolyte-containing fluids.
According to McArdle, W. Sodium can be replaced by adding about one-third teaspoon of salt per one liter of water. The goal after exercise is to replace the water and electrolytes lost during the activity. One method to determining the amount of fluid lost is to weigh the athlete before and after activity.
This is good practice, especially in hot temperatures to help prevent serious heat illness in the athletes from accumulating water deficits.
Journal of the International Hyxration of Sports BIA impedance measurement technique volume Hydratoin Hydration and muscle cramps, Article number: wnd Cite this article. Metrics details. Muscle cramp is a anx, involuntary muscle contraction, and that occurs during or following exercise Hydration and muscle cramps referred to as exercise-associated muscle cramp EAMC. The causes of EAMC are likely to be multifactorial, but dehydration and electrolytes deficits are considered to be factors. This study tested the hypothesis that post-exercise muscle cramp susceptibility would be increased with spring water ingestion, but reduced with oral rehydration solution ORS ingestion during exercise. The participants ingested either spring water or ORS for the body mass loss in each period.
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