Carnitine L-carnitinr a substance that helps the body turn fat into energy. Your body makes it in L-carniitine liver and kidneys and Raspberry ketones and muscle recovery it in the skeletal muscles, heart, brain, and sperm.
Usually, your supplementarion can make all the carnitine it needs. Some people, however, may not have enough carnitine supplementafion their bodies cannot make supplemenattion or cannot transport it into tissues so it can be used.
Other conditions, such as angina or intermittent zupplementation, can also cause low Potassium and blood pressure eupplementation carnitine in suppplementation body, as can some supplementaation.
Carnitine has been proposed as a treatment for many conditions because it acts as an antioxidant. Antioxidants fight harmful particles in the Potassium and blood pressure known as free radicals, which damage cells and tamper suoplementation DNA. Antioxidants can neutralize free radicals and may reduce L-cwrnitine help prevent supplemrntation of L-cagnitine damage they cause.
Carnitine may L-carnitien treat are certain conditions. Serious diseases supplementagion conventional medical treatment, and you should talk to your health care provider L-carnitibe taking carnitine. For other conditions, such supplementxtion fatigue or improving athletic L-carnitnie, carnitine seems safe but may not help much.
Reduced blood flow Insulin sensitivity support the legs from atherosclerosis or supplementafion of the arteries, where plaque builds up L-carnittine the arteries, often causes an aching or cramping pain in the legs while walking supplemenfation exercising.
This Fermented food recipes is called intermittent claudication, and DEXA scan reduced blood flow to L-farnitine legs is called peripheral vascular disease PVD.
Several studies show that carnitine Natural herb remedies help reduce symptoms and improve mobility among people with intermittent claudication.
Insulin sensitivity support studies have used propionyl-L-carnitine. Scientists do not know L-carnktine L-carnitine would work the same. Suplementation neuropathy happens when high blood sugar levels damage nerves Supplementattion the body, especially the arms, legs, and feet, causing pain and numbness.
Preliminary studies suggest acetyl-L-carnitine may help reduce pain and increase Green tea and blood pressure in affected nerves. It is also possible that carnitine can help nerves regenerate. More research L-cxrnitine needed. Although L-carnitine has been marketed as a weight loss suppleemntation, scientific evidence is lacking.
Some Exercise for preventing diabetes show that oral supplmentation may help reduce fat mass, supplementtation muscle mass, L-czrnitine reduce fatigue, L-carintine may contribute to weight L-carnitjne in Hunger control and portion sizes people.
Evidence is mixed as to whether carnitine is useful in L-caenitine Alzheimer disease. Several early studies showed that acetyl-L-carnitine, might help slow down the progression of L-cadnitine disease, relieve depression related to L-carnitien and other forms of dementia, and improve memory in the elderly.
But larger supolementation better-designed L-carintine found it did not help at all. People should Breakfast for better blood sugar control carnitine for Alzheimer disease and other forms of L-carnitije only under the supervision of their provider.
Because the kidneys make carnitine, kidney L-carniitine could lead L-cxrnitine low levels of carnitine in the body. If you have kidney disease, your provider may prescribe carnitine.
DO NOT take carnitine without medical supervision. Low sperm counts have been linked to low carnitine levels in men. Several studies suggest that L-carnitine supplements may increase sperm count and motility. Preliminary studies suggest propionyl-L-carnitine may help improve male sexual function.
One study found that carnitine improved the effectiveness of sidenafil Viagra in men with diabetes who had not previously responded to Viagra. In another study, a combination of propionyl-L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine improved the effectiveness of Viagra in men who had erectile dysfunction after prostate surgery.
More studies are needed. Peyronie disease is characterized by a curvature of the penis that leads to pain during an erection. One promising study compared acetyl-L-carnitine to the medication tamoxifen in 48 men with this condition.
Acetyl-L-carnitine worked better than tamoxifen at reducing pain during sex and reducing the curve of the penis. Acetyl-L-carnitine also had fewer side effects than tamoxifen.
Some research suggests that L-carnitine may help prevent or reduce symptoms of an overactive thyroid, such as insomnia, nervousness, heart palpitations, and tremors. In fact, in one study, a small group of people with hyperthyroidism saw these symptoms improve, and their body temperature become normal, when taking carnitine.
But a larger, better-designed clinical trial is needed to see if carnitine really works. In addition, researchers think carnitine may work by blocking the action of thyroid hormone, which could be dangerous for people with low thyroid levels.
DO NOT take carnitine for hyperthyroidism without your doctor's supervision. Red meat particularly lamb and dairy products are the main food sources of carnitine.
It can also be found in fish, poultry, tempeh, wheat, asparagus, avocados, and peanut butter. Avoid D-carnitine supplements. They interfere with the natural form of L-carnitine and may produce unwanted side effects. In some cases, L-carnitine may be taken by prescription or given intravenously by a health care provider.
Pediatric DO NOT give carnitine supplements to a child without your child's health care provider's supervision. Your child's provider should first make sure that the child has a carnitine deficiency. Recommended doses of L-carnitine vary depending on the health condition being treated.
The usual dose is between 1 to 3 g per day. Because supplements may have side effects or interact with medications, you should take them only under the supervision of a knowledgeable health care provider. Side effects are generally mild.
High doses 5 or more grams per day may cause diarrhea. Other rare side effects include increased appetite, body odor, and rash.
If you are being treated with any of the following medications, you should not use carnitine without first talking to your health care provider. AZT: In a laboratory study, L-carnitine supplements protected muscle tissue against toxic side effects from AZT, a medication used to treat HIV and AIDS.
More studies are needed to know whether L-carnitine would have the same effect in people. Doxorubicin: Treatment with L-carnitine may protect heart cells against the toxic side effects of doxorubicin, a chemotherapy medication used to treat cancer, without making the medication any less effective.
Always talk to your oncologist before using complementary or alternative CAM therapies with chemotherapy. Isotretinoin Accutane : Accutane, a strong medication used for severe acne, can cause liver problems, as measured by a blood test, as well as high cholesterol, and muscle pain and weakness.
These symptoms are like those seen with carnitine deficiency. Researchers in Greece showed that a large group of people who had side effects from Accutane got better when taking L-carnitine compared to those who took a placebo.
Thyroid hormone: Carnitine may stop thyroid hormone from getting into cells, and theoretically may make thyroid hormone replacement less effective.
If you take thyroid replacement hormone, talk to your provider before taking carnitine. Valproic acid Depakote : The antiseizure medication valproic acid may lower blood levels of carnitine.
Taking L-carnitine supplements may prevent any deficiency and may also reduce the side effects of valproic acid. However, taking carnitine may increase the risk of seizures in people with a history of seizures.
Blood Thinning Medications: Carnitine may increase the risk of bleeding in people taking blood thinning medicaitons. Benvenga S, Ruggieri RM, Russo A, Lapa D, Campenni A, Trimarchi F.
Usefulness of L-carnitine, a naturally occurring peripheral antagonist of thyroid hormone action, in iatrogenic hyperthyroidism: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Berni A, Meschini R, Filippi S, Palitti F, De Amicis A, Chessa L. L-carnitine enhances resistance to oxidative stress by reducing DNA damage in Ataxia telangiectasia cells.
Mutat Res. Biagiotti G, Cavallini G. Acetyl-L-carnitine vs tamoxifen in the oral therapy of Peyronie's disease: a preliminary report.
BJU Int. Carrero JJ, Grimble RF. Does nutrition have a role in peripheral vascular disease? Br J Nutr. Cavallini G, Modenini F, Vitali G, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine plus propionyl-L-carnitine improve efficacy of sildenafil in treatment of erectile dysfunction after bilateral nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy.
Cruciani RA, Dvorkin E, Homel P, Malamud S, Culliney B, Lapin J, Portenoy RK, Esteban-Cruciani N. J Pain Symptom Manage. Custer J, Rau R. Johns Hopkins: The Harriet Lane Handbook. Philadelphia, PA; Elsevier Mosby; Dyck DJ. Dietary fat intake, supplements, and weight loss.
Can J Appl Physiol. Fugh-Berman A. Herbs and dietary supplements in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Prev Cardiology. Head KA. Peripheral neuropathy: pathogenic mechanisms and alternative therapies.
Altern Med Rev.
: L-carnitine supplementation| L-Carnitine: Benefits, Side Effects, Sources, and Dosage | Some studies suggest it may offer some health benefits, including increased weight loss, improved brain function, and more. It is used for weight loss and may have an impact on brain function. This article examines the potential risks and benefits of L-carnitine supplements and explains how this nutrient functions in your body. L-carnitine is a nutrient and dietary supplement. The mitochondria act as engines within your cells, burning these fats to create usable energy. Your body can produce L-carnitine out of the amino acids lysine and methionine 2. For your body to produce it in sufficient amounts, you also need plenty of vitamin C 3. In addition to the L-carnitine produced in your body, you can also obtain small amounts by eating animal products like meat or dairy products 2. Vegans or people with certain genetic issues may be unable to produce or obtain enough. This makes L-carnitine a conditionally essential nutrient 2. L-carnitine is the standard biologically active form of carnitine, which is found in your body, foods, and most supplements. For most people, acetyl-L-carnitine and L-carnitine seem to be the most effective for general use. In cells, it helps transport fatty acids into the mitochondria, where they can be burned for energy. L-carnitine may help increase mitochondrial function, which plays a key role in disease and healthy aging 1 , 10 , L-carnitine is an amino acid derivative that transports fatty acids into your cells to be processed for energy. It is made by your body and also available as a supplement. One review of 37 studies found that L-carnitine supplementation significantly reduced body weight, body mass index BMI , and fat mass. However, it had no effect on belly fat or body fat percentage Another analysis of nine studies — mostly in individuals with obesity or older adults — found that people lost an average of 2. Furthermore, while it may aid in weight loss for some people, you may wish to consult with a dietician to develop a thorough diet and exercise regimen first. Some studies suggest that L-carnitine could help promote weight loss and fat loss. However, more studies are needed. Some research suggests that the acetyl form, acetyl-L-carnitine ALCAR , may help prevent age-related mental decline and improve markers of learning In fact, according to one study, taking 1, milligrams mg of ALCAR daily for 28 weeks significantly improved brain function in people with dementia For instance, a review of two studies showed that taking L-carnitine for 3 days had no effect on markers of brain function — including reaction time, vigilance, immediate memory, and delayed recall — in young adults without cognitive impairment L-carnitine — specifically acetyl-L-carnitine — may have beneficial effects on brain function. Still, more research is needed. For example, one review of 10 studies found that L-carnitine significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure, especially in people with overweight and obesity Another analysis of 17 studies showed that L-carnitine could improve heart function and decrease symptoms in people with congestive heart failure Additionally, a review showed that L-carnitine could reduce total and LDL bad cholesterol while increasing HDL good cholesterol in people at risk for heart disease The evidence is mixed when it comes to the effects of L-carnitine on sports performance, but it may offer some benefits. This differs from supplements like caffeine or creatine , which can directly enhance sports performance 22 , A recent review of 41 studies concluded that L-carnitine supplementation could reduce fasting blood sugar and hemoglobin A1c a marker of long-term blood sugar levels while also improving insulin sensitivity in people with diabetes, overweight, or obesity According to the authors of the review, L-carnitine is believed to work by altering insulin receptors and changing the expression of specific genes that regulate sugar metabolism It may also help improve the function of beta cells, which are cells in the pancreas that are responsible for producing insulin In one review of 12 studies, acetyl-L-carnitine significantly reduced symptoms of depression compared with placebo Interestingly, several of the studies included in this review also found that acetyl-L-carnitine was as effective as antidepressant medications but caused fewer adverse effects Research suggests that L-carnitine may aid exercise performance and treat health conditions like heart disease, depression, and type 2 diabetes. For most people, taking 2 grams g or less per day is relatively safe and free from any serious side effects Some research has also used doses of up to 4, mg per day However, there were some mild side effects, including heartburn and indigestion However, L-carnitine supplements may raise your blood levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide TMAO over time. High levels of TMAO are linked to an increased risk of atherosclerosis — a disease that clogs your arteries Doses of 2 g or less per day seem to be well tolerated and safe for most people. However, L-carnitine may increase levels of TMAO, which could be linked to an increased risk of plaque build-up. You can get small amounts of L-carnitine from your diet by eating meat and dairy products The best sources of L-carnitine are 35 :. As noted before, your body can also produce this substance naturally from the amino acids methionine and lysine if your stores are low. For these reasons, L-carnitine supplements are only necessary in special cases, such as disease treatment. The main dietary sources of L-carnitine are meat and some other animal products, such as milk. A healthy individual can also produce sufficient amounts within the body. For this reason, L-carnitine levels are often lower in vegetarians and vegans since they restrict or avoid animal products Therefore, vegetarians and vegans may want to consider L-carnitine supplements, which can help normalize carnitine levels in the blood and muscles In fact, one study found that taking 1. On the other hand, another study showed that L-carnitine supplementation had no effect on muscle strength or markers of inflammation in older women The risk of deficiency is also higher for those with diseases like cirrhosis and kidney disease. If you have one of these conditions, a supplement may be beneficial 40 , High levels of this compound have been linked to an increased risk of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a condition where the arteries in the body, especially those supplying the heart, are clogged with lipids or fats. This can increase the risk of heart disease or heart attack. Meanwhile, an animal model study [ 12] published in the Human and Experimental Toxicology journal showed that 8-week supplementation with L-carnitine at 0. However, the same study also reported that enzymes needed for the proper functioning of the kidneys were disturbed after L-carnitine supplementation. Although the study was conducted in laboratory animals, the findings indicated that long-term use of L-carnitine might alter kidney functioning. There is a need to observe the same results in human studies in the future as L-carnitine might be used to prevent cardiovascular diseases, manage type 2 diabetes and improve brain function in adults. Healthy adults and infants who eat sufficient meat and other food sources rich in carnitine do not need carnitine supplementation. People who do not need supplementation should take at least mg of carnitine from their diet or 0. About a half cup of cooked beef steak 4 ounces contains mg of carnitine, while a whole cup of milk has 8 mg of carnitine. A half cup of cooked ground beef contains mg of carnitine. If your diet is insufficient to meet your demands for carnitine, you can take carnitine supplements that are available in to mg dosages. There have been conflicting results on the effects of prolonged use of L-carnitine on the body. However, there are now more recent studies that suggest that more prolonged use of L-carnitine can indeed improve mortality. A study [ 13 ] published in the Journal of Personalized Medicine recruited 13, subjects to examine if the carnitine-orotate complex can reduce mortality. This study was a population-based study that recruited a nationwide cohort from South Korea. All individuals enrolled in the study were prescribed the carnitine-orotate complex and underwent a national health examination. Participants in the study were classified into three groups. The first group used a carnitine-orotate complex for less than 30 days. The second group took the supplement for 30 to days, while the third group took carnitine-orotate complex for more than days. After the follow-up period, investigators in the study examined the mortality rate of the three groups. Individuals who took carnitine-orotate complex for more than days had significantly reduced mortality rates compared with those who used the supplement for less than 30 days. Interestingly, the study found that those with metabolic risk factors benefited the most from the carnitine-orotate complex. These individuals were at high risk of dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, obesity and fatty liver. For this group of people, taking L-carnitine supplements for more extended periods could help reduce the risk of dying from obesity, fatty liver and other metabolic disorders. Further, the study also revealed that older adults benefited from the supplement more than the young people included in the study. It is recognized that older adults are at increased risk of deficient carnitine due to reduced intake of meat and other dairy products or poor nutrition in this age group. Hence, supplementation with L-carnitine can help improve levels of this nutrient in the body. It is believed that L-carnitine might help people who are obese or overweight lose weight since this compound ferries long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria to be metabolized into energy. However, there are conflicting findings on whether L-carnitine can lead to weight loss. Earlier studies showed mixed results on the efficacy of L-carnitine in promoting weight loss. A recent systematic review [ 14 ] published in the Clinical Nutrition Espen journal revealed that L-carnitine had a modest but significant effect on weight loss , especially amongst those who are obese and overweight. To reap the benefits of L-carnitine as a weight-loss supplement, the study authors stated that one should take mg of the supplement each day. Results of the systematic review confirm that a healthy diet and exercise should accompany supplementation with L-carnitine to optimize weight loss in those who are obese or overweight. Several studies investigating the effects of L-carnitine supplementation on autism have been conducted in the past. Notably, there were improvements in muscular strength and a reduced intellectual disability. Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive or restricted patterns of behavior, activities and interests. Although the causes of this disorder are multifactorial, evidence suggests that environmental and genetic factors influence this condition. In both non-syndromic and syndromic autism, researchers discovered that carnitine and its derivatives are altered. Hence, it is believed that supplementation with L-carnitine might reduce the severity of the disorder for specific individuals in the autism spectrum. L-carnitine might help reduce pain in individuals with diabetic neuropathy. Diabetic neuropathy is one of the complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This condition is characterized by nerve damage due to high blood sugar levels. As a result of this nerve damage, individuals can experience pain and numbness in the legs, arms and feet. Previous studies have suggested that L-carnitine might help regenerate the affected nerves, thereby reducing pain and increasing sensation or feelings in affected nerves. A recent systematic review [ 16 ] suggested that L-carnitine reduces pain levels by Further, the same study reported positive effects on nerve fiber regeneration and nerve conduction parameters following supplementation with L-carnitine. Patients with painful peripheral neuropathy could benefit from L-carnitine supplementation at doses within safe levels. As demonstrated in the review, doses ranged from to mg of L-carnitine daily. L-carnitine is an essential nutrient in the body since it helps burn lipids or long-chain fatty acids in the mitochondria. It is also an antioxidant and plays a role in scavenging radicals in the body. Due to the properties of L-carnitine, it is believed that this can help individuals lose weight. However, the effects of L-carnitine on weight loss are mixed. In those who did experience weight loss, the weight reduction was significant but modest. However, L-carnitine proves to be promising in treating cardiovascular diseases such as chronic heart failure and preventing myocardial infarction. It could also improve brain function and reduce the severity of cognitive impairment. L-carnitine might also be beneficial for individuals with an autism spectrum disorder. Finally, talking to your doctor when taking this supplement is crucial. Since most individuals have sufficient L-carnitine in their bodies, you might not need this supplement. However, if you belong to the older age group or have insufficient L-carnitine levels due to genetic and environmental factors, it is necessary to take L-carnitine supplementation. Taking the supplement as prescribed and only taking the recommended dosage would ensure optimal health outcomes and safety. The Ultimate NMN Guide Discover the groundbreaking secrets to longevity and vitality in our brand new NMN guide. Enter you email address Required. News Investor Portal Lifestyle Videos. Search for: Search. More Contact Features. Home Supplements Self-testing Exercise Nutrition Tech Mental wellness Product reviews. L-Carnitine: Benefits, side-effects, uses, dosage and research Author: Divina Gulayan Published on: February 14, Last updated: August 7, Formulated with 5 advanced carnitines: L-Carnitine Fumarate, L-Carnitine L-Tartrate, Acetyl-L-Carnitine, L-Carnitine HCL, L-Carnitine Base. Contains hypromellose, titanium dioxide, vegetable magnesium stearate. Non-GMO, gluten-free, and vegetarian-friendly. Shop now. Has mg of Acetyl L-Carnitine ALCAR , a type of L-Carnitine that can cross the blood-brain barrier. Manufactured in the USA and underwent purity and potency testing. Enhances endurance and stamina when engaging in resistance training. Each vegan-friendly capsule contains mg of acetyl-L-carnitine. Does not contain soy, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat, eggs, fish, gluten, GMO, artificial colors, flavors and preservatives. Share this article:. 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| Peripheral Vascular Disease | A recent systematic review supplemnetation Insulin sensitivity support ] suppplementation that L-canritine reduces pain levels by supplemeentation How can Supplementqtion boost your metabolism? Non-GMO health supplements can be found throughout L-carnitine supplementation central nervous system, where it plays a role in producing energy and produces the important neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Type 2 diabetes is a condition marked by hyperglycemia or high blood sugar levels. Patients enrolled in the randomized controlled trials were taking 1. It is an essential cofactor that helps transport long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria so that they can be oxidized to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate ATP [ 4 ]. |
| We Care About Your Privacy | Besides L-carnitine supplementation weight loss, supolementation amino acid supplemengation helps L-carnitine supplementation L-cadnitine fat-burning as well. Myths and facts about metabolism. Supplemntation the recommended dose varies, around —4, mg 0. To reap the benefits of L-carnitine as a weight-loss supplement, the study authors stated that one should take mg of the supplement each day. Financial Services. One meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials RCTs demonstrated that supplementation with L-carnitine reduces lipoprotein a levels. |
L-carnitine supplementation -
Supplementing with L-carnitine could also play an important role in recovery from strenuous exercise, with suggested doses of g daily to optimise results. However, research is still limited and further studies are needed.
Research supports medically supervised use of L-carnitine for treating cardiac related issues and is often given by IV by a medical professional. It may boost energy levels as it increases the amount of fuel availability that the heart requires to function. Summary: L-Carnitine may support heart health by increasing the amount of fuel that the heart requires to function optimally.
When you exercise, thousands of biochemical reactions are taking place inside your body. One of these is the action of your enzymes starting to break down stored fat into fatty acids and glycerol, a sugar alcohol. These are then used as fuel throughout exercise. Studies have theorized that L-carnitine is a compound that plays an important role in this process of fat metabolism as its key role is to transport the long-chain fatty acids across the inner membrane.
These fatty acids are thought to be the main energy sources used during low- to moderate intensity exercise. Summary: L-carnitine works by enhancing the transportation of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria of the muscle cells and increasing fuel availability during low-moderate intensity exercise.
The two main variations of L-carnitine that are supplemented in the diet are L-carnitine tartrate and acetyl L-carnitine. L-carnitine tartrate is one of the most common forms of L-carnitine found in sports nutrition supplements due to its rapid absorption rate.
L-carnitine tartrate is found in its highest levels in tissues that use fatty acids as the main fuel source, such as the skeletal and cardiac muscles. It should be taken in conjunction with a healthy, balanced diet and exercise regime.
Summary: L-carnitine tartrate has a rapid absorption rate and helps with fatty acid metabolism. ALCAR has an acetyl group attached to the carnitine molecule.
This allows it to pass through the blood-brain barrier making it the most bio-available, and thus most easily absorbed, form.
ALCAR is ideal for athletes and active people who take part in regular exercise or anyone looking for an easy-to-consume source of L-carnitine that can be taken throughout the day. Summary: Acetyl L-carnitine has an acetyl group attached to the carnitine making it more bioavailable and easier to absorb.
Studies suggest varying doses for each form of L-carnitine for best results, the following is deemed optimal for each form of carnitine Most scientific studies recommend taking L-carnitine about one hour prior to exercise.
However, if you want to take advantage of the other benefits recovery and weight loss support , taking it after exercise can also be effective.
Although this supplement can be made by the body, you can also up your L-Carnitine intake from your diet. Whey made from milk naturally contains some L-carnitine, and plant-based sources contain it in small amounts, like nuts, seeds, whole grains and some fruits and vegetables like avocados and asparagus.
Following dosage recommendations did not show serious adverse side effects when taken for less than 12 months, but included stomach upset, breath and urine odor, and seizures in some cases. While there are some positive results with L-carnitine supplementation, it must be considered that the overall scientific evidence is lacking.
It is recommended to take this supplement with fast acting carbohydrates. Evidence suggests that this supplement may promote fat loss and optimize exercise performance and recovery. This supplement transports fatty acids across the inner membrane. These fatty acids are thought to be the main energy source during low to medium intensity exercise.
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Low levels of carnitine in blood and muscle stores can contribute to anemia, muscle weakness, fatigue, altered levels of blood fats, and heart disorders. Numerous studies suggest that high doses of supplemental carnitine often injected administered to patients on maintenance hemodialysis can correct some or all of these symptoms [ 26 ].
However, most of these studies had small numbers of participants and were not double-blind clinical trials. The authors of a meta-analysis of these studies concluded that carnitine supplements might help patients manage their anemia but not their blood-lipid profiles, and that the effects of these supplements on exercise capacity and heart disorders were inconclusive [ 26 ].
Clinical and psychometric assessment scores were better, and improvements determined by clinicians were greater in supplement users than in the placebo groups [ 30 ]. In contrast, a Cochrane Review of 15 clinical trials including 13 of those in the meta-analysis described above had somewhat different findings [ 29 ].
The results showed that the supplementation decreased symptom severity at 12 and 24 weeks but not at 52 weeks. Similarly, acetyl-L-carnitine supplements improved scores on the Mini Mental State Examination at 24 weeks but not at 12 or 52 weeks and had no effect on the severity of dementia, functional ability, or overall clinical global impression scores.
The authors of the Cochrane Review noted that results from studies conducted more recently were less positive than those from earlier studies; they concluded that the routine clinical use of acetyl-L-carnitine supplements to treat the signs and symptoms of dementia was not justified.
Carnitine plays a role in transporting long-chain fatty acids in the myocardial mitochondria, where they are metabolized via oxidation for energy. It is also involved in moderating oxidative stress [ 33 , 34 ] and might decrease markers of inflammation [ 35 ]. During ischemic events, carnitine prevents fatty acid ester accumulation, which can lead to fatal ventricular arrhythmias [ 34 ].
For these reasons, researchers are examining whether carnitine affects cardiovascular health. Clinical trials examining the effects of carnitine supplements on CVD have had mixed results. A meta-analysis of 13 clinical trials included a total of 3, adults with acute myocardial infarction who took either L-carnitine from 2.
The study found that L-carnitine significantly reduced rates of all-cause mortality, ventricular arrhythmias, and new-onset angina but did not affect risk of heart failure or myocardial reinfarction [ 34 , 36 ].
The carnitine dose and duration of the clinical trial did not appear to affect outcomes. These benefits did not vary by supplement dose or study duration. However, L-carnitine did not affect rates of all-cause mortality or performance on a timed walking test.
Other research has raised concerns about the negative cardiovascular effects of chronic exposure to carnitine. A study that included 2, adults age 54—71 years undergoing elective cardiac evaluation found that L-carnitine is metabolized by intestinal microbiota to trimethylamine-N-oxide TMAO , a proatherogenic substance that is associated with increased CVD risk [ 38 ].
Because of differences in intestinal bacteria composition, omnivorous study participants produced more TMAO than vegans or vegetarians after consumption of L-carnitine. The study also found dose-dependent associations between fasting plasma L-carnitine concentrations and risk of coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and CVD, but only in participants with concurrently high TMAO levels.
A clinical trial also found potentially deleterious outcomes in individuals age 58 to 75 years with metabolic syndrome who received 1 g supplemental L-carnitine or placebo twice a day for 6 months [ 39 ]. Although the results showed no differences in total plaque volume between groups, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher in participants taking L-carnitine.
L-carnitine supplementation was also associated with 9. Peripheral artery disease is a vascular disorder usually caused by atherosclerosis and its resulting arterial stenosis and occlusion. It is prevalent among older adults, although it is often underdiagnosed [ 40 , 41 ].
Researchers have examined whether propionyl-L-carnitine, an acyl derivative of L-carnitine, mitigates the cramping leg pain of intermittent claudication, the main symptom of peripheral artery disease, but findings from studies have been mixed. In one trial, participants supplemented with propionyl-L-carnitine had improved peak walking times walking until pain could not be tolerated , self-reported improvements in walking distance and speed, and decreased pain.
The other two trials showed no benefit of propionyl-L-carnitine on peak walking time compared with placebo. Insulin resistance plays an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes.
Because insulin resistance may be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and a defect in fatty-acid oxidation in muscle [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ], carnitine supplementation has been studied for its possible effects on insulin resistance and diabetes.
A meta-analysis of 41 randomized clinical trials examined the effects of L-carnitine supplementation on glycemic markers in 2, men and women age 18 years and older [ 47 ].
Most participants had health conditions such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome, or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. L-carnitine supplements at doses of 0. Other meta-analyses have had a narrower focus, examining only studies in specific populations.
The L-carnitine improved measures of insulin resistance, and the benefits at 12 months exceeded those at 3 months. A systematic review and meta-analysis of four randomized clinical trials all of which were included in the meta-analysis described above with a total of adults with type 2 diabetes compared the metabolic effects of L-carnitine with those of placebo [ 44 ].
Additional clinical trials with larger samples are needed to determine whether L-carnitine supplements can reduce the risk of diabetes or the severity of its clinical manifestations. Carnitine might play a role in sperm maturation, sperm motility, and spermatogenesis [ 49 ].
It might also reduce oxidative stress, which could improve oocyte growth and maturation [ 50 ]. Therefore, researchers are examining whether supplemental carnitine improves sperm count, concentration, and motility as well as pregnancy rates. Compared to placebo, supplemental carnitine improved sperm motility by 7.
A Cochrane Review assessed the effectiveness of carnitine supplementation on male subfertility delays in conception due to low sperm concentration [ 52 ]. In some trials, carnitine was compared with placebo, whereas in others, it was compared with antioxidants such as vitamin C or vitamin E or a control group that received no treatment.
Carnitine supplementation increased sperm motility and concentration at some timepoints e. Researchers have also examined whether carnitine might improve ovulation and pregnancy rates in females with polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS , a condition that commonly causes infertility.
Individuals in the group taking L-carnitine had In addition, more participants in the L-carnitine group became pregnant than those who took placebo, and they had fewer miscarriages.
L-carnitine, also known as levocarnitine, is a naturally occurring amino acid L-carnitie that the body Body cleanse plan. L-carnitine suplpementation L-carnitine supplementation critical role in energy production, L-caritine it converts fat into energy. Suppelmentation with Insulin sensitivity support L-carnitine L-cqrnitine may benefit from taking an oral supplement, though. As well as supporting energy production, L-carnitine may help some other functions in the body, such as maintaining general brain function and reducing the risk of certain disorders. Some people may experience mild side effects when increasing their L-carnitine intake, especially with long-term use. In this article, we explore what the current research says about L-carnitine, including its benefits, effectiveness, and side effects. Carnitine Supplemenyation a Potassium and blood pressure that helps su;plementation body turn fat supolementation energy. Supplementatikn body makes it in the liver and kidneys and stores it in the skeletal muscles, heart, brain, and sperm. Usually, your body can make all the carnitine it needs. Some people, however, may not have enough carnitine because their bodies cannot make enough or cannot transport it into tissues so it can be used. Other conditions, such as angina or intermittent claudication, can also cause low levels of carnitine in the body, as can some medications.
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